Violation or Misapplication of the Convention for the Establishment of a European Space Research Organisation (ESRO)

1980 ◽  
Vol 27 (01) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
A. L. Goedhart
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
jagmohan saxena

The Claim for a First insight of Viram Lander on Moon.CHANDRAYAAN- 2 is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), after Chandrayaan-1. As of September 2019, it consists of a lunar orbiter, which included the Vikram lander, andPragyan -the lunar rover. All of which were developed in India. The main scientific objective of this mission was to map and study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and abundance of lunar water.Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-2 composite (Tecnical Specifications Mission type-Lunar orbiter, Lander and RoverOperator Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)COSPAR ID2019-042ASATCAT no.44441Websitewww.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0Mission duration-Orbiter: ~ 7 yearsVikram lander: 14 days (planned) ;[1][2]Achieved: 0 days (landing failure)Pragyan rover: 14 days (planned);[2]Achieved: 0 days (landing failure)Spacecraft properties Manufacturer:Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)Launch mass Combined (wet) : 3,850 kg(8,490 lb) [3][4][5]Combined (dry): 1,308 kg (2,884 lb)[6]Orbiter (wet): 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[4][5]Orbiter (dry): 682 kg (1,504 lb)[6]Vikram lander (wet): 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[4][5]Vikram lander (dry): 626 kg (1,380 lb)[6]Pragyan rover: 27 kg (60 lb)[4] [5] PowerOrbiter: 1 kW (1.3 hp)[7]Vikram lander: 650 W[8]Pragyan rover: 50 W[8] Start of Mission Launch date:22 July 2019, 14:43:12 IST (09:13:12 UTC)[9]Rocket- GSLV Mark III M1[10] [11]Launch site-Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Second Launch Pad )Agency- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)Moon orbiter Orbital insertion: 20 August 2019, - 09:02 IST(03:32UTC)[12[13]Orbital parameters-Pericynthion altitude100 km (62 mi)[14] Apocynthion altitude100 km (62 mi)[14]Moon lander Space craft component Rover Landing date: 7 September 2019, 01:53 IST (failure)(6 September 2019, 20:23 UTC)[13][15]Landing site Lunar south pole (intended)Chandrayaan programme - Scheduled as-← Chandrayaan-1<-- Chandrayaan-2← Chandrayaan-3 (Under Process) The Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft was launched on its mission to the Moon from the second launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Andhra Pradesh on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 p.m. IST (09:13 UTC) by a GSLV Mark III M1. The craft reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning manoeuvres for the Landing of the Vikram lander at Moon Surface. The Lander and the Rover were scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° South on 6 September 2019 and conduct scientific experiments for one lunar day, which approximates to two Earth weeks. A successful soft landing of the Lander would have made India the fourth country after the Soviet Union, United States and China to do so.However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land on 6 September 2019, which caused a 'hard landing. According to a failure analysis report submitted to ISRO, the crash was caused by a software glitch. In the quest to locate the lost Lander, Two subsequent image sequences were acquired on October 14,15 and November 11, 2019 .The LROC team scoured the surrounding area in these new mosaics and found the impact site at 70.8810 degree South, 22.7840 degrees East, 834 m elevation and was supposed with associated debris field. The November 2019 mosaic had the best pixel scale 0.7 meter/ per pixel , With a better light condition . Though, no any claim since been made about the wellness of Vikram Lander. An effort is being made by (me) Mr Jagmohan saxena to find the whereabouts of the (lost ) Vikram Lander and it is supposed that the Pics of Vikram Lander found are exactly on the same Southpole Coordinates (near site) where it was intended to touch down for a soft landing. IT is -70.88087° Latitude and 24.26206° Longitude with a pixel size of 0.50m/px. The final Version of CONFIRMATION of location of Vikram Lander at moon is seek Officially with the launching agency ISRO. JAGMOHAN SAXENA 1 E 19 JNV colony, Bikaner [email protected] Reference- Chandrayaan-2, Wikipedialroc.asu.eduNASASpace.com


1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
R. J. Davidson

1968 ◽  
Vol 72 (685) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
C. R. Hume

The ESRO II Satellite is due to be the first satellite to be launched as part of the joint co-operative programme between NASA and the European Space Research Organisation and as such, represents the first endeavour by the latter organisation to bring together various experiments in a satellite. While it is true to say that other satellites have been produced in Europe, this is the first integrated payload involving experiments from different countries to be realised in Europe. The paper describes briefly the satellite and details the scientific experiments. The remainder of the paper is concerned with the aspects of project management involving four different nations and the technical programme.


Icarus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 114511
Author(s):  
S. Anbazhagan ◽  
I. Venugopal ◽  
S. Arivazhagan ◽  
M. Chinnamuthu ◽  
C.R. Paramasivam ◽  
...  

1965 ◽  
Vol 69 (659) ◽  
pp. 759-762
Author(s):  
A.W. Lines

The principles of the design of spacecraft are well known and it is not the intention of this paper to review them. Rather it is the intention to review the possibilities of special purpose and multi-purpose designs in relation to the boundary conditions established for the creation of the European Space Research Organisation. These boundary conditions are contained in the Convention and the Protocols for the Organisation, which came into force in March 1964, after signature in June 1962.The Convention states that: “The purpose of the Organisation shall be to provide for, and to promote, collaboration among European States in space research and technology, exclusively for peaceful purposes.” In addition, it states that: “In order to fulfil its purpose the Organisation shall carry out a programme of scientific research and related technological activities” and some of these are listed in the Convention.


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