scholarly journals 1. Note on the Manganese Nodules found on the bed of the Ocean

1878 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 287-289
Author(s):  
J. Y. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
The Pacific

The manganese nodules occur in greater or less quantity all over the ocean-bed, and most abundantly in the Pacific. They occur of all sizes, from minute grains to masses of a pound weight, and even greater, and form nodular concretions of concentric shells, round a nucleus, which is very frequently a piece of pumice or a shark's tooth. Their outside has a peculiar and very characteristic mammillated surface, which enables them to be identified at a glance. When freshly brought up they are very soft, being easily scraped to powder with a knife. They gradually get harder on exposure to the air.

scholarly journals XXXII.—On the Manganese Oxides and Manganese Nodules in Marine Deposits

1895 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Murray ◽  
Robert Irvine
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Dioxide ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Manganese Deposits ◽  
Volcanic Debris ◽  
Challenger Deep

During the “Challenger” Deep-Sea Exploring Expedition a great many peculiar-looking manganese nodules or concretions were dredged from the floor of the ocean at great depths, chiefly in the Red Clay areas of the Pacific, but also in less abundance in the Red Clays of the Atlantic. In the other varieties of Deep-Sea deposits these nodules were much less abundant than in the Red Clays.In still more recent soundings, both American and British ships have discovered in many regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans a dark-brown coloured deposit containing a large amount of manganese dioxide, similar in character to the Red Clays from which the “Challenger” procured the largest hauls of manganese nodules. There is then every reason for supposing that manganese deposits and nodules are very widely distributed over the ocean's bed, especially in deep water at great distances from land. It was only occasionally that manganese nodules were present in any abundance in a Globigerina Ooze, and in these exceptional instances there was always much volcanic debris associated with the deposit. In the Blue Muds surrounding continental shores manganese nodules were rarely observed; still, on some rocks and boulders dredged from terrigenous deposits, a coating of manganese dioxide was observed on that portion of the stone which had projected above the surface of the mud.

Description of two new species of munnopsid isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) from manganese nodules area of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, Pacific Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2783 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARINA V. MALYUTINA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Clipperton Fracture Zone ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone

Two new species of deep sea asellotes of the family Munnopsidae, Rectisura slavai sp. nov. and Storthyngura yuzhmorgeo sp. nov. are described from the manganese nodules area in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone of the Pacific Ocean. The discovery of these new species allowed re-examination of the taxonomic position of two similar species, Storthyngura ? intermedia (Beddard, 1885) from the Northeastern Basin of the Pacific Ocean and Ilyarachna defecta Menzies & George, 1972 from the Peru-Chile Trench, eastern Pacific Ocean. The species are moved to the genera Rectisura Malyutina, 2003 and Storthyngura Vanhöffen, 1914, respectively. Additional composition and distribution of the species of the genera are presented.

Geobiotechnical Recovery of Metals from Manganese Nodules: First Experiments

2015 ◽  
Vol 1130 ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Heller ◽  
Axel Schippers
Keyword(s):  
Size Fraction ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Biological Reduction ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Production ◽  
The Pacific

Marine polymetallic nodules represent an important resource of the metals Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, Li, Mo, V and Zr. Nodules consist mainly of Mn-Fe oxy-hydroxide precipitations with valuable metals mostly present within the structure of these host minerals. To recover the favoured metals via hydrometallurgy it is necessary to dissolve the Mn-Fe oxy-hydroxides. To test nodules processing via bioleaching, nodules were sampled during a ship cruise to the German license area located in the Pacific Ocean in 2013. They were ground in a mortar, washed to remove seawater chloride, and afterwards sieved to obtain the particle size fraction of 63 to 315 µm. Bioleaching experiments were conducted under aerobic conditions in shake flasks at 2 % pulp density at 30°C in a basal medium. A mixed culture of acidophilic chemolithotrophic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, At. ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, L. ferriphilum) and Acidiphilum cryptum was inoculated. Elemental sulfur was used as substrate for acid leaching via sulfuric acid production. At pH values between 1.5 and 2.2 during the experiment, 40 % Ni, 25 % Cu, 1.2 % Mn, 0.3 % Co, 1 % Fe, 70 % Zn and 70 % Zr were leached from the Mn-nodules after 56 days. In preparation for future reductive bioleaching under anaerobic conditions, chemical kinetic reaction experiments were conducted. Different amounts of Fe(II) were added to a certain amount of the Mn nodules. These experiments showed that Fe(II) chemically reduced Mn(IV) to Mn(II) at a stoichiometry of 2 to 1. This reaction is prerequisite for anaerobic leaching based on biological reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) coupled to sulfur oxidation (Ferredox process). Up to 82 % Ni, 98 % Co, 68 % Cu, and 97 % Mn were leached in these chemical experiments indicating that anaerobic reductive bioleaching of manganese nodules should be possible.

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