Experimental airborne transmission ofSalmonellaAgona andSalmonellaTyphimurium in weaned pigs

SUMMARYThis study tested the hypothesis of airborne transmission ofSalmonellaAgona (Trial I) andSalmonellaTyphimurium (Trial II) in weaned pigs. The trials were performed using stainless-steel/glass isolation cabinets connected by air ducts to permit an unidirectional airflow from cabinet 1 (two control pigs) to cabinet 3 (two sentinel pigs), passing through cabinet 2 (two inoculated pigs). Air samples, pooled faecal samples from the floor and rectal swabs were collected daily and assessed by culture and PCR. A fumigation chamber and rubber gloves coupled to the cabinets allowed sampling without opening the system. Trials I and II lasted 15 and 19 days respectively. The recovery ofS. Agona andS. Typhimurium and detection of seroconversion in sentinel pigs indicate that airborneSalmonellatransmission in weaned pigs over short distances is possible. Further studies on the role of aerosols in the epidemiology ofSalmonellain intensive pig production should be performed.

Download Full-text

Everyday Products

10.1093/oso/9780198804079.003.0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

David Segal

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Hard Candy

Chapter 12 describes material aspects of everyday products. For example, the role of nanoparticles in sunscreens. It also covers surfactants and their role in micelles in washing-up liquids. The role of nanotechnology in cosmetics is stressed. The surprising use of hydrogels in disposable nappies (diapers) and the role of microstructure in sweets such as hard candy (boiled sweets) are described. Other everyday products include breathable garments, stainless steel and acrylic textiles.

Download Full-text

The possible role of the Surface Active Substances (SAS) in the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.envres.2021.111215 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111215

Author(s):

Irena Ciglenečki ◽

Palma Orlović-Leko ◽

Kristijan Vidović ◽

Viša Tasić

Keyword(s):

Airborne Transmission ◽

Surface Active ◽

Active Substances

Download Full-text

Comprehending the role of individual microstructural features on electrochemical response and passive film behaviour in type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Corrosion Science ◽

10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109187 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 180 ◽

pp. 109187

Author(s):

S.K. Pradhan ◽

P. Bhuyan ◽

L.R. Bairi ◽

S. Mandal

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Passive Film ◽

Electrochemical Response ◽

304 Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Type 304

Download Full-text

Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mozambican Children Younger than 5 Years Enrolled in a Matched Case-Control Study on the Aetiology of Diarrhoeal Disease

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10040452 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 452

Author(s):

Augusto Messa, Jr. ◽

Pamela C. Köster ◽

Marcelino Garrine ◽

Tacilta Nhampossa ◽

Sérgio Massora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Domestic Animal ◽

Cryptosporidium Species ◽

Older Children ◽

Species Determination ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Matched Case

Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of childhood diarrhoea and associated physical and cognitive impairment in low-resource settings. Cryptosporidium-positive faecal samples (n = 190) from children aged ≤ 5 years enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique detected by ELISA (11.5%, 430/3754) were successfully PCR-amplified and sequenced at the gp60 or ssu rRNA loci for species determination and genotyping. Three Cryptosporidium species including C. hominis (72.6%, 138/190), C. parvum (22.6%, 43/190), and C. meleagridis (4.2%, 8/190) were detected. Children ≤ 23 months were more exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. infections than older children. Both C. hominis and C. parvum were more prevalent among children with diarrhoeal disease compared to those children without it (47.6% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.007 and 23.7% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.014, respectively). A high intra-species genetic variability was observed within C. hominis (subtype families Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) and C. parvum (subtype families IIb, IIc, IIe, and IIi) but not within C. meleagridis (subtype family IIIb). No association between Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and child’s age was demonstrated. The predominance of C. hominis and C. parvum IIc suggests that most of the Cryptosporidium infections were anthroponotically transmitted, although zoonotic transmission events also occurred at an unknown rate. The role of livestock, poultry, and other domestic animal species as sources of environmental contamination and human cryptosporidiosis should be investigated in further molecular epidemiological studies in Mozambique.

Download Full-text