scholarly journals Phrasal phonology in Copperbelt Bemba

Phonology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy C. Kula ◽  
Lee S. Bickmore
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Prosodic Phrase ◽  
Tone Spreading ◽  
Phonological Phrase

Copperbelt Bemba exhibits several rightward spreading tonal processes which are sensitive to prosodic phrase structure. The rightmost H tone in a word will undergo unbounded spreading if the word is final in a phonological phrase (φ). In an intonational phrase consisting of several single-word φ's, the rightmost H in the first word will spread through all following toneless φ's. From a rule-based perspective, this can only be accounted for by positing mutually feeding iterative rules, as a single H-tone spreading rule cannot account for the long-distance spreading. Rather, a second rule that spreads a H from the final mora of one word onto the initial mora of the following word is required, as a bridge to further unbounded spreading. Three phrase-sensitive OT constraints are proposed to account for H-tone spreading between words. One is of the domain-juncture variety, requiring the specification of two separate prosodic domains.

Raising, inversion and agreement in modern Hebrew

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-179
Author(s):  
NURIT MELNIK
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Long Distance Agreement ◽  
Subject Raising

This paper focuses on the interaction between raising, subject–verb inversion and agreement in Modern Hebrew. It identifies, alongside ‘standard’ (i.e., English-like) subject-to-subject raising, two additional patterns where the embedded subject appears post-verbally. In one, the raising predicate exhibits long-distance agreement with the embedded subject, while in the other, a colloquial variant, it is marked with impersonal (3sm) agreement. The choice between the three raising constructions in the language is shown to be solely dependent on properties of the embedded clause. The data are discussed and analyzed against a background of typological and theoretical work on raising. The analysis, cast in the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), builds on research on raising, selectional locality, agreement, subjecthood and information structure, as well as verb-initial constructions in Modern Hebrew.

scholarly journals The Syntax and Prosody of Weak Pronouns in Chamorro

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Chung
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Mutual Interaction ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Independent Components ◽  
Prosodic Phrase ◽  
Phonological Phrase

In the modular linguistic theory assumed by many generative linguists, phonology and syntax are interconnected but fundamentally independent components of grammar. The effects of syntax on phonology are mediated by prosodic structure, a representation of prosodic constituents calculated from syntactic structure but not isomorphic to it. Within this overall architecture, I investigate the placement of weak pronouns in the Austronesian language Chamorro. Certain Chamorro pronominals can be realized as prosodically deficient weak pronouns that typically occur right after the predicate. I showthat these pronouns are second-position clitics whose placement is determined not syntactically, but prosodically: they occur after the leftmost phonological phrase of their intonational phrase. My analysis of these clitics assumes that lexical insertion is late and can affect and be affected by prosodic phrase formation-assumptions consistent with the view that the mutual interaction of phonology and syntax is confined to the postsyntactic operations that translate syntactic structure into prosodic structure.

A Syntactic Reordering Model of Chinese Special Sentences for Patent Machine Translation

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 1923-1929
Author(s):  
Ren Fen Hu ◽  
Yun Zhu ◽  
Yao Hong Jin ◽  
Jia Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Word Order ◽  
English Word ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rule Based

This paper presents a rule-based model to deal with the long distance reordering of Chinese special sentences. In this model, we firstly identify special prepositions and their syntax levels. After that, sentences are parsed and transformed to be much closer to English word order with reordering rules. We evaluate our method within a patent MT system, which shows a great advantage over reordering with statistical methods. With the presented reordering model, the performance of patent machine translation of Chinese special sentences is effectually improved.

scholarly journals Towards an Etiology of Adjunct Islands

Nordlyd ◽  
10.7557/12.25 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Focus Marking ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Island Phenomena ◽  
Focus Projection

This paper examines the connection between certain island phenomena for long distance movement, and matching island conditions on focus projection. Based on a description of focus projection that Lisa Selkirk and Michael Rochemont formulate, I take the basic pattern to be that pitch accent on a word may license focus marking on a phrase only if the pitch accented word is not separated from the focus marked phrase by a phrase in Specifier position or in adjunct position. Long distance movement operations are similarly incapable of moving a phrase out of a phrase in Specifier or adjunct position. Using Chomsky's notion of "phase," I argue that this is because Specifiers and adjuncts are phonological phases, and make proposals about what movement and focus projection is that thereby derives this effect. I then propose an interpretation of Chomsky's Bare Phrase Structure that derives the phaseness of these phrases.

scholarly journals Parsing with Traces: An O(n4) Algorithm and a Structural Representation

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan K. Kummerfeld ◽  
Dan Klein
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Dynamic Program ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Structural Representation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tree Structures ◽  
Graph Structures ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
Almost All

General treebank analyses are graph structured, but parsers are typically restricted to tree structures for efficiency and modeling reasons. We propose a new representation and algorithm for a class of graph structures that is flexible enough to cover almost all treebank structures, while still admitting efficient learning and inference. In particular, we consider directed, acyclic, one-endpoint-crossing graph structures, which cover most long-distance dislocation, shared argumentation, and similar tree-violating linguistic phenomena. We describe how to convert phrase structure parses, including traces, to our new representation in a reversible manner. Our dynamic program uniquely decomposes structures, is sound and complete, and covers 97.3% of the Penn English Treebank. We also implement a proof-of-concept parser that recovers a range of null elements and trace types.

scholarly journals Recognition and Effective Handling of Negations in Enhancing the Accuracy of Urdu Sentiment Analyzer

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-771
Author(s):  
Neelam Mukhtar ◽  
Mohammad Abid Khan ◽  
Nadia Chiragh ◽  
Asim Ullah Jan ◽  
Shah Nazir
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Negative Word ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Sentiment Lexicon ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Rule Based Approach ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Multiple Domains

Although work has been done in Urdu Sentiment Analysis by researchers but still there is a lot of room for improvement in the form of achieving higher accuracy. Therefore, in this research, the accuracy of Urdu Sentiment Analysis in multiple domains is enhanced by dealing negations using Lexicon-based approach, one of the broadly used approaches for performing Sentiment Analysis. Negations in Urdu Sentiment Analysis are particularly focused in this research because of their effective role in Sentiment Analysis. Both local and long distance negations are considered. For achieving this goal, a corpus with 6025 Urdu sentences, from 151 blogs that belong to 14 different genres is taken in which use of negations is carefully observed. Two major steps are taken in this regard. First, to deal with the morphological negations, this type of negations is included in the negative word file of the Urdu Sentiment Lexicon developed for performing Sentiment Analysis of Urdu blogs. Secondly, rule-based approach is used for handling the implicit and explicit negations. Rules are designed that can deal with both implicit and explicit negations effectively. Implementation of these rules increased the accuracy of Sentiment Analyzer from 73.88% to 78.32% with 0.745, 0.788 and 0.745 Precision, Recall and Fmeasure respectively, which is statistically significant improvement.

scholarly journals Note about Locutions Nominative in Albanian Language

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Haredin Xhaferi
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Stable Compound ◽  
Holistic Concept ◽  
Constituent Elements

The object of this article is to describe the locutions worth the name. These locutions not treated in separate studies. It is characteristic that many of them have no words synonymous. They have the phrase structure and express a single concept. This group consists of stable terminology compound words and compound words non terminology. Nomination terminology compound words are formed on a single holistic concept. Unit lexicon - semantic constituent elements is their common feature. Nomination stable compound words are formed from two or more words. Compound words consisting of two elements have the facility two names or a name and a surname. These compound words are not simple names. The designations made by similarity tend to switch to a single word. Their form right is named second in the form of outstanding free. The process of transition to a question set according to their names, composition, content, consent, damage, connotation is the later. Regular forms of these compound words is the name of the second non ablative outstanding. Compound words formed by a name and a surname are used to sense directly or figurative sense. Compound words formed by more than two words have the structure only comes with complete understanding or words with full understanding and sense incomplete. They are few, but are diversified by their structure and value. Locutions name value are many and various.

scholarly journals A left-branching grammar design for incremental parsing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Haugereid ◽  
Mathieu Morey
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Constituent Structure ◽  
Incremental Processing ◽  
Extraction Site ◽  
Structure Tree

This paper presents a left-branching constructionalist grammar design where the phrase structure tree does not correspond to the conventional constituent structure. The constituent structure is rather reflected by embeddings on a feature STACK. The design is compatible with incremental processing, as words are combined from left to right, one by one, and it gives a simple account of long distance dependencies, where the extracted element is assumed to be dominated by the extraction site. It is motivated by psycholinguistic findings.

Translational Mismatches Involving Clitics (Illustrated from Serbian ~ Catalan Language Pair)

2015 ◽  
pp. 235-255
Author(s):  
Jasmina Milićević ◽  
Àngels Catena
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Clitic Doubling ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Rule Based Approach ◽  
Translation Systems ◽  
Language Pair

Translation of sentences featuring clitics often poses a problem to machine translation systems. In this chapter, we illustrate, on the material from a Serbian ~ Catalan parallel corpus, a rule-based approach to solving translational structural mismatches between linguistic representations that underlie source- and target language sentences containing clitics. Unlike most studies in this field, which make use of phrase structure formalisms, ours has been conducted within the dependency framework of the Meaning-Text linguistic theory. We start by providing a brief description of Catalan and Serbian clitic systems, then introduce the basics of our framework to finally illustrate Serbian ~ Catalan translational mismatches involving the operations of clitic doubling, clitic climbing, and clitic possessor raising.

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