scholarly journals Parsing with Traces: An O(n4) Algorithm and a Structural Representation

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan K. Kummerfeld ◽  
Dan Klein
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Dynamic Program ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Structural Representation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tree Structures ◽  
Graph Structures ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
Almost All

General treebank analyses are graph structured, but parsers are typically restricted to tree structures for efficiency and modeling reasons. We propose a new representation and algorithm for a class of graph structures that is flexible enough to cover almost all treebank structures, while still admitting efficient learning and inference. In particular, we consider directed, acyclic, one-endpoint-crossing graph structures, which cover most long-distance dislocation, shared argumentation, and similar tree-violating linguistic phenomena. We describe how to convert phrase structure parses, including traces, to our new representation in a reversible manner. Our dynamic program uniquely decomposes structures, is sound and complete, and covers 97.3% of the Penn English Treebank. We also implement a proof-of-concept parser that recovers a range of null elements and trace types.

Plastic Optical Fiber Applications

2011 ◽  
pp. 829-835
Author(s):  
Spiros Louvros ◽  
Athanassios C. Iossifides ◽  
Dimitrios Karaboulas ◽  
Stavros A. Kotsopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Plastic Optical Fiber ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tree Structures ◽  
Star Networks ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Optical Fiber Applications

Nowadays cabling based on symmetrical copper cables is dominant in almost all telecom applications; glass fibers predominate in long-distance networks. Whereas just a few years ago l0-Mbit/s Ethernet (l0BaseT) had the main share of interfaces in star or tree structures, today’s pure star networks are predominantly set up on the basis of 100-Mbit/s connections.

scholarly journals Snow is Not an Enemy, But another Road in Winter

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Oleg Khalidullin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Road Surface ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Surface Formation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Almost All

Snowfalls and blizzards block roads and create massive congestion on city streets and long-distance routes. Considering the processes of road surface formation during snowfall, it can be noted that snow during the fall is light fluffs, which, at an indefinite time, with different intensities, at different temperatures, stacked in layers, gradually by the wheels of cars, are compacted into a slippery tuberous canvas. The rubber tread, rolling through the freshly deposited layers, compresses the snow, forming a rut. The resulting trail adheres firmly to the asphalt. Almost all cars go on the trail, therefore the wheels of the following cars condense mainly the same track. On inactive roads, leaving the track during overtaking or detour leads to smoothing and compaction of the freezing walls of the track

Colonization of depopulated crinoids by symbionts: who comes from the bottom and who from the water column?

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 1607-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Mekhova ◽  
P.Y. Dgebuadze ◽  
V.N. Mikheev ◽  
T.A. Britayev
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sandy Substrate ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Almost All ◽  
High Degree

Previous experiments with the comatulid Himerometra robustipinna (Carpenter, 1881) demonstrated intensive host-to-host migration processes for almost all symbiotic species both within host aggregations and among hosts separated by several metres. The aim of this study was to check the ability of symbionts to complete long-distance migrations, by means of two in situ experiments which depopulated the crinoid host. Two different sets of field experiments were set up: exposure of depopulated crinoids (set 1) on stony ‘islands’ isolated from native crinoid assemblages by sandy substrate, and (set 2) in cages suspended in the water column. Hosts from set 1 were exposed for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks to assess whether substrate has an influence on the symbionts' long-distance migrations. In set 2 cages were exposed for 10–11 days, aiming to check whether symbionts were able to disperse through the water column with currents. These experiments allow the conclusion that post-settled symbionts can actively migrate among their hosts. Symbionts are able to reach their hosts by employing two different ‘transport corridors’, by drifting or swimming in water column, and by moving on the bottom. Comparison of experimental results allows the division of symbionts into two conventional groups according to the dispersal ability of their post-settled stages: (1) species able to complete long-distance migrations, (2) species unable to migrate or having limited dispersal ability. The finding of the free-living shrimp Periclimenes diversipes Kemp, 1922 in set 2 raises the question about the factors that affect such a high degree of specialization of crinoid assemblages.

Growth of Online Schooling in Canada

2011 ◽  
pp. 1060-1065
Author(s):  
M. Haughey
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
School Students ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Based Instruction ◽  
Almost All

In Canada, a country of vast landscapes, northern climates and relatively few people, the formal provision of education has always involved alternatives. Records going back to the late 1800s discuss pilot projects that provided education to school-aged children in remote rural areas. Correspondence education, beginning in 1919 and offered by almost all provincial authorities, depended on the post and long-distance haulage to link students and teachers (Haughey, 1990). Each new technology became a part of an educational provision that was of particular importance to secondary school students, who were unable to obtain sufficient courses at their local school to qualify for a high school diploma. More recently, the advent of computers and the Internet have transformed this alternative form of education. It has changed from one for those unable to attend classroom-based instruction to one that is being chosen by students for its adaptability and flexibility, as well as for the ongoing reasons associated with long distances to schools, unavailable courses, and family and personal circumstances. In this chapter, I review the development and present configurations of online schooling in Canada and discuss trends and issues this new form of provision has raised.

Business Applications of Deep Learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 942-964
Author(s):  
Armando Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Video Processing ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Video Annotation ◽  
Business Applications ◽  
Personal Assistants ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All

Deep Learning (DL) took Artificial Intelligence (AI) by storm and has infiltrated into business at an unprecedented rate. Access to vast amounts of data extensive computational power and a new wave of efficient learning algorithms, helped Artificial Neural Networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in almost all AI challenges. DL is the cornerstone technology behind products for image recognition and video annotation, voice recognition, personal assistants, automated translation and autonomous vehicles. DL works similarly to the brain by extracting high-level, complex abstractions from data in a hierarchical and discriminative or generative way. The implications of DL supported AI in business is tremendous, shaking to the foundations many industries. In this chapter, I present the most significant algorithms and applications, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), image and video processing and finance.

Raising, inversion and agreement in modern Hebrew

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-179
Author(s):  
NURIT MELNIK
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Long Distance Agreement ◽  
Subject Raising

This paper focuses on the interaction between raising, subject–verb inversion and agreement in Modern Hebrew. It identifies, alongside ‘standard’ (i.e., English-like) subject-to-subject raising, two additional patterns where the embedded subject appears post-verbally. In one, the raising predicate exhibits long-distance agreement with the embedded subject, while in the other, a colloquial variant, it is marked with impersonal (3sm) agreement. The choice between the three raising constructions in the language is shown to be solely dependent on properties of the embedded clause. The data are discussed and analyzed against a background of typological and theoretical work on raising. The analysis, cast in the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), builds on research on raising, selectional locality, agreement, subjecthood and information structure, as well as verb-initial constructions in Modern Hebrew.

scholarly journals Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4 suppl) ◽  
pp. 1119-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA. Agostinho ◽  
FM. Pelicice ◽  
LC. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fish Diversity ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Almost All

Reservoirs have been built in almost all of the hydrographic basins of Brazil. Their purposes include water supply for cities, irrigation and mainly, generation of electricity. There are more than 700 large dams and associated reservoirs in the large rivers of the country. These reservoirs favor local and regional economic development, but they also bring serious and irreversible alterations in the natural hydrologic regime of rivers, affecting habitat quality and the dynamics of the biota. In the impounded area, the main impact is the change from lotic to lentic water, which influences aquatic fauna, including fishes. Impacts of reservoirs present relevant spatiotemporal variations. Immediately after reservoir formation, fish species richness usually increases due to incorporation of surrounding habitats, but richness decreases as reservoirs age. However, impacts downstream of dams appear to be similar or stronger than those that occur within the reservoir. Dams promote discharge control, altering the seasonal cycles of floods. These effects are augmented when dams are constructed in cascades. Therefore, dams profoundly influence composition and structure of fish assemblages. Most affected species are the rheophilics and long distance migratory that require distinct habitats to fulfill their life cycles. Populations of migratory species may collapse or even disappear in intensely regulated stretches. Management actions taken to minimize impacts of dams in Brazil historically considered construction of fish passages, fishery control and stocking. The results of these actions are questionable and/or with clear failures. In this paper, we give emphasis to the Paraná River basin, the most affected by dams in Brazil. We describe some patterns in the alteration and decline in fish diversity in areas influenced by dams. We also discuss negative consequences in the fishery and ecosystems functioning. Finally, we argue the relevance and the success of the management actions taken and present some suggestions to improve conservation of the ichthyofauna in South American basins influenced by dams.

scholarly journals Phrasal phonology in Copperbelt Bemba

Phonology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy C. Kula ◽  
Lee S. Bickmore
Keyword(s):  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Prosodic Phrase ◽  
Tone Spreading ◽  
Phonological Phrase

Copperbelt Bemba exhibits several rightward spreading tonal processes which are sensitive to prosodic phrase structure. The rightmost H tone in a word will undergo unbounded spreading if the word is final in a phonological phrase (φ). In an intonational phrase consisting of several single-word φ's, the rightmost H in the first word will spread through all following toneless φ's. From a rule-based perspective, this can only be accounted for by positing mutually feeding iterative rules, as a single H-tone spreading rule cannot account for the long-distance spreading. Rather, a second rule that spreads a H from the final mora of one word onto the initial mora of the following word is required, as a bridge to further unbounded spreading. Three phrase-sensitive OT constraints are proposed to account for H-tone spreading between words. One is of the domain-juncture variety, requiring the specification of two separate prosodic domains.

scholarly journals Towards an Etiology of Adjunct Islands

Nordlyd ◽  
10.7557/12.25 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Focus Marking ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Island Phenomena ◽  
Focus Projection

This paper examines the connection between certain island phenomena for long distance movement, and matching island conditions on focus projection. Based on a description of focus projection that Lisa Selkirk and Michael Rochemont formulate, I take the basic pattern to be that pitch accent on a word may license focus marking on a phrase only if the pitch accented word is not separated from the focus marked phrase by a phrase in Specifier position or in adjunct position. Long distance movement operations are similarly incapable of moving a phrase out of a phrase in Specifier or adjunct position. Using Chomsky's notion of "phase," I argue that this is because Specifiers and adjuncts are phonological phases, and make proposals about what movement and focus projection is that thereby derives this effect. I then propose an interpretation of Chomsky's Bare Phrase Structure that derives the phaseness of these phrases.

scholarly journals Does evolution of plumage patterns and of migratory behaviour in Apodini swifts (Aves: Apodiformes) follow distributional range shifts?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Thomas Tietze ◽  
Michael Wink ◽  
Martin Päckert
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Old World ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Old World Tropics

The Apodini swifts in the Old World serve as an example for a recent radiation on an intercontinental scale on the one hand. On the other hand they provide a model for the interplay of trait and distributional range evolution with speciation, extinction and trait transition rates on a low taxonomic level (23 extant taxa). Swifts are well adapted to a life mostly in the air and to long-distance movements. Their overall colouration is dull, but lighter feather patches of chin and rump stand out as visual signals. Only few Apodini taxa breed outside the tropics; they are the only species in the study group that migrate long distances to wintering grounds in the tropics and subtropics. We reconstructed a dated molecular phylogeny including all species, numerous outgroups and fossil constraints. Several methods were used for historical biogeography and two models for the study of trait evolution. We finally correlated trait expression with geographic status. The differentiation of the Apodini took place in less than 9 Ma. Their ancestral range most likely comprised large parts of the Old-World tropics, although the majority of extant taxa breed in the Afrotropic and the closest relatives occur in the Indomalayan. The expression of all three investigated traits increased speciation rates and the traits were more likely lost than gained. Chin patches are found in almost all species, so that no association with phylogeny or range could be found. Rump patches showed a phylogenetic signal and were correlated with Indomalayan distribution. Apodini swifts performed long-distance migration whenever they expanded their range to temperate latitudes during warm periods, repeatedly in the Pleistocene.

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