A personalized programming exercise recommendation algorithm based on knowledge structure tree

Personalized exercise recommendation is an important research project in the field of online learning, which can explore students’ strengths and weaknesses and tailor exercises for them. However, programming exercises differs from other disciplines or types of exercises due to the comprehensive of the exercises and the specificity of program debugging. In order to assist students in learning programming, this paper proposes a programming exercise recommendation algorithm based on knowledge structure tree (KSTER). Firstly, the algorithm provides a calculation method for quantifying students’ cognitive level to obtain their knowledge needs through individual learning-related data. Secondly, a knowledge structure tree is constructed based on the association relationship of knowledge points, and a learning objective prediction method is proposed by combining the knowledge needs and the knowledge structure tree to represent and update the learning objective. Finally, KSTER imports a matching operator that calculates cognitive level and exercise difficulty based on learning objectives, and makes top-η recommendation for exercises. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the other algorithms in both precision and recall. The comparison experiments with real-world data demonstrate that KSTER effectively improves students’ learning efficiency.

A Fuzzy Logic and Multilevel Analysis-Based Evaluation Algorithm for Digital Teaching Quality in Colleges and Universities

To address the limitations of the university digital teaching quality assessment algorithms as well as the large evaluation mistakes in the existing algorithms, this paper presents a unique university digital teaching quality evaluation method based on multilevel analysis. First, the existing state of digital teaching quality evaluation in colleges and universities is studied to develop an evaluation index for digital teaching quality. Then, to identify and compute the weight of digital teaching quality indicators, an index weight evaluation matrix is built and the weight of digital teaching quality assessment indicators is plotted using a multilevel structure tree model. Then, from the top to the bottom of the tree, this paper computes the hierarchical ranking of assessment indicators. Additionally, this paper computes the membership degree of index evaluation, normalises the evaluation indicators, and completes the digital teaching quality assessment with the digital teaching confidence calculation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method’s digital teaching quality assessment index has a high degree of accuracy and low evaluation error.

Bunker Oksigen Dan Karbon (Bok) Di Lingkungan Sekolah Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon, Manfaat, Dan Nilai Ekonominya

The impacts of pollution and climate change occurred in global and local communities, including at school environment. Uncomfortable school environment due to pollution and school damage due to sea-level rise interferes with learning processes and reduces students' academic performance. A new approach of a school greening programme called Bunkers of Oxygen and Carbon (BOCs) was developed in a public school (SMA Negeri 3 Merauke) in Merauke, Papua using a thematic approach to mitigate pollution and climate change. The research showed that carbon storage of BOCs is mean 74 Mg ha-1 . This is equal with carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of mean 271 Mg CO2e ha-1. The capacity of BOCs as carbon storage can be optimized due to the age of vegetation in BOCs is only four years old, and below ground carbon stock was measured only up to 50 cm depth. The amount of carbon stock in BOCs was influenced by vegetation health (tree density and canopy coverage) and vegetation structure (tree diameter and height) in the BOCs (r2 = 0.56, p = 0.001). The mean economic value of carbon stocks in the BOCs was US $ 189 billion ha-1. This economic value may underestimate as many benefits and functions of the BOCs were excluded from the calculation. BOCs have ecological functions as a habitat for many wildlife species, various ecosystem services, recreational areas, aesthetic values, oxygen supply, and a place to improve creativity and as natural laboratories for practice and learning from nature. Therefore, the development of BOCs in the school environment across Indonesia is important as the functions and benefits are crucial to mitigate pollution and climate change, improve the learning process and the quality of national education.

Global trade-offs in tree functional traits

Due to massive energetic investments in woody support structures, trees are subject to unique physiological, mechanical, and ecological pressures not experienced by herbaceous plants. When considering trait relationships across the entire plant kingdom, plant trait frameworks typically must omit traits unique to large woody species, thereby limiting our understanding of how these distinct ecological pressures shape trait relationships in trees. Here, by considering 18 functional traits—reflecting leaf economics, wood structure, tree size, reproduction, and below-ground allocation—we quantify the major axes of variation governing trait expression of trees worldwide. We show that trait variation within and across angiosperms and gymnosperms is captured by two independent processes: one reflecting tree size and competition for light, the other reflecting leaf photosynthetic capacity and nutrient economies. By exploring multidimensional relationships across clusters of traits, we further identify a representative set of seven traits which captures the majority of variation in form and function in trees: maximum tree height, stem conduit diameter, specific leaf area, seed mass, bark thickness, root depth, and wood density. Collectively, this work informs future trait-based research into the functional biogeography of trees, and contributes to our fundamental understanding of the ecological and evolutionary controls on forest biodiversity and productivity worldwide.

The Effects of Tree and Stand Traits on the Specific Leaf Area in Managed Scots Pine Forests of Different Ages

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationships between stand structure (tree size, volume, biomass, social position, stand density) and the variability of specific leaf area (SLA) at the stand level, which could improve forest management modeling. The study was carried out on 100 trees selected from 10 stands of Scots pine located in northwestern Poland. The stands had been established in a similar way and were similarly managed. Five mid-aged (51–60 years) and five mature (81–90 years) pure Scots pine stands were selected. To obtain the SLA index, we used the direct method, which involves scanning ca. 50 needles from each part of the tree crown. The average SLA was from 4.65 to 6.62 m2·kg−1 and differed significantly according to the part of the crown measured (p < 0.0001) and the tree age (p < 0.0001). The smallest SLA was in the upper part of the crown and the largest in the lower part of the crown, which is in line with the known relation to the light exposure of needles. Mid-aged stands of Scots pine have higher SLA values than mature ones. Dominant trees in mid-aged stands have a lower SLA than more shaded intermediate ones, which is probably due to the different lighting conditions within the canopy. No clear relationship is observed between the stand density and the SLA.

Exploiting Syntactic and Semantic Information for Textual Similarity Estimation

The textual similarity task, which measures the similarity between two text pieces, has recently received much attention in the natural language processing (NLP) domain. However, due to the vagueness and diversity of language expression, only considering semantic or syntactic features, respectively, may cause the loss of critical textual knowledge. This paper proposes a new type of structure tree for sentence representation, which exploits both syntactic (structural) and semantic information known as the weight vector dependency tree (WVD-tree). WVD-tree comprises structure trees with syntactic information along with word vectors representing semantic information of the sentences. Further, Gaussian attention weight is proposed for better capturing important semantic features of sentences. Meanwhile, we design an enhanced tree kernel to calculate the common parts between two structures for similarity judgment. Finally, WVD-tree is tested on widely used semantic textual similarity tasks. The experimental results prove that WVD-tree can effectively improve the accuracy of sentence similarity judgments.

Collaborative Design and Manufacture: Information Structures for Team Formation and Coordination

Our interest here lies in supporting important, but routine and time-consuming activities that underpin success in highly distributed, collaborative design and manufacturing environments; and how information structuring can facilitate this. To that end, we present a simple, yet powerful approach to team formation, partner selection, scheduling and communication that employs a different approach to the task of matching candidates to opportunities or partners to requirements (matchmaking): traditionally, this is approached using either an idea of ‘nearness’ or ‘best fit’ (metric-based paradigms); or by finding a subtree within a tree (data structure) (tree traversal). Instead, we prefer concept lattices to establish notions of ‘inclusion’ or ‘membership’: essentially, a topological paradigm. While our approach is substantive, it can be used alongside traditional approaches and in this way one could harness the strengths of multiple paradigms.

A Primitive-Based Reverse Modeling Method for Obtaining the Editable CAD model of Reversed Parts

By the traditional inversion methods, the model of the part reversed is obtained in mesh feature , which is hard to edit and redesign. In the paper, for the revised part, a modeling method to obtain the editable CAD mode was proposed. Firstly, an approach to construct the primitive structure tree used to describe the geometric structure of a part was proposed, by which the all the basic geometry primitives and their Boolean operations are logically arranged in tree format. Then, for each basic geometry primitive, a method to calculate the characteristics parameters and position and posture was proposed, which could be used to guide reversion measurement and modeling. For the basic primitives made of quadratic surface, a method for modeling the torus surface, whose model little research has been carried on, was proposed in which the torus surface equation is deduced by coordinate transformation method, has 8 independent parameters. Last, based on the guidance of primitive structure tree, a process for the characteristics parameters, minimum measuring points, forward modeling, positioning and assembly process was proposed, which could be used to direct measurements and to forward modeling. The example showed that the method proposed could be used to reverse the parts in the editable CAD model and provide for subsequent optimization design services.