Identification of Sulfonated and Hydroxy-Sulfonated Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Metabolites in Soil: New Classes of Intermediate Products of PCB Degradation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (18) ◽  
pp. 10601-10611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renzo Bagnati ◽  
Elisa Terzaghi ◽  
Alice Passoni ◽  
Enrico Davoli ◽  
Elena Fattore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Intermediate Products ◽  
Pcb Metabolites

Excretion of Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyl Metabolites in Cows’ Milk

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert M Gardner ◽  
Herbert F Righter ◽  
John A G Roach
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Aroclor 1254 ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Aroclor 1242 ◽  
Pcb Metabolites ◽  
Polybrominated Biphenyl ◽  
Hydroxy Metabolites

Abstract Four lactating Holstein cows were each given a single oral dose of either 0,5 g 2,5,2′,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 0.5 g 2,5,2′,4′,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl, 1.5 g Aroclor 1242, or 1.5 g Aroclor 1254 in gelatin capsules. Milk samples were collected twice daily at the am and pm milkings and were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites and PCBs. Excretion of metabolites in the milk paralleled excretion of the parent PCBs, with maximum amounts eliminated 1 day after dosing. Less than 0.06% of the initial doses of the 2 single components appeared as metabolites in milk over a period of 10 days. Most of the metabolites occurred as conjugates. Only the 4-hydroxy metabolites were found in the milk of cows given single components. Milk samples from cows given Aroclor 1242 or Aroclor 1254 contained 10 and 4 monohydroxy metabolites, respectively. Using the same methodology, no monohydroxy metabolites were detected in whole milk samples from herds accidentally contaminated with a polybrominated biphenyl mixture.

scholarly journals Complete Reductive Dehalogenation of Brominated Biphenyls by Anaerobic Microorganisms in Sediment

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 940-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna L. Bedard ◽  
Heidi M. Van Dort
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Electron Capture Detector ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Contaminated Sediment ◽  
Intermediate Products ◽  
Anaerobic Microorganisms ◽  
Pcb Dechlorination

ABSTRACT We sought to determine whether microorganisms from the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sediment in Woods Pond (Lenox, Mass.) could dehalogenate brominated biphenyls. The PCB dechlorination specificities for the microorganisms in this sediment have been well characterized. This allowed us to compare the dehalogenation specificities for brominated biphenyls and chlorinated biphenyls within a single sediment. Anaerobic sediment microcosms were incubated separately at 25°C with 16 different mono- to tetrabrominated biphenyls (350 μM) and disodium malate (10 mM). Samples were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector and a mass spectrometer detector at various times for up to 54 weeks. All of the tested brominated biphenyls were dehalogenated. For most congeners, including 2,6-dibromobiphenyl (26-BB) and 24-25-BB, the dehalogenation began within 1 to 2 weeks. However, for 246-BB and 2-2-BB, debromination was first observed at 7 and 14 weeks, respectively. Most intermediate products did not persist, but when 2-2-BB was produced as a dehalogenation product, it persisted for at least 15 weeks before it was dehalogenated to 2-BB and then to biphenyl. The dehalogenation specificities for brominated and chlorinated biphenyls were similar: meta andpara substituents were generally removed first, andortho substituents were more recalcitrant. However, the brominated biphenyls were better dehalogenation substrates than the chlorinated biphenyls. All of the tested bromobiphenyls, including those with ortho and unflankedmeta and para substituents, were ultimately dehalogenated to biphenyl, whereas their chlorinated counterparts either were not dehalogenation substrates or were only partially dehalogenated. Our data suggest that PCB-dechlorinating microorganisms may be able to dehalogenate brominated biphenyls and may exhibit a relaxed specificity for these substrates.

Clara cell secretory protein: a determinant of PCB bioaccumulation in mammals

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (4) ◽  
pp. L656-L664 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Stripp ◽  
J. Lund ◽  
G. W. Mango ◽  
K. C. Doyen ◽  
C. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Clara Cell ◽  
Clara Cell Secretory Protein ◽  
Pcb Metabolites ◽  
Normal Physiological Function ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Lung And Kidney

Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) is a product of nonciliated cells of the conducting airway epithelium. The normal physiological function of CCSP is unknown. However, the ability of CCSP to bind small lipophilic molecules, such as steroid hormones and certain pollutants, has led to speculation that this protein may mediate the biological accumulation of potentially harmful polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites within the lung. To investigate the contribution of CCSP in the in vivo accumulation of methylsulfonyl-PCB, a line of mice was established that were homozygous for a null allele of the CCSP gene. CCSP-deficient mice were healthy and fertile, with no gross physiological or pathological abnormalities Parenteral challenge with the PCB metabolite 4-methylsulfonyl-2,2',4',5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (MeSO2-PCB) demonstrated that CCSP-deficient mice no longer accumulate this class of pollutants within lung and kidney tissues. These data demonstrate that CCSP is the determinant for MeSO2-PCB accumulation within mice and support the notion that bioconcentration of MeSO2-PCB pollutants occurs at sites of CCSP localization, such as the respiratory and reproductive tracts of humans.

scholarly journals Hundreds of Unrecognized Halogenated Contaminants Discovered in Polar Bear Blood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanna Liu ◽  
Evan S. Richardson ◽  
Andrew E. Derocher ◽  
Nicholas J. Lunn ◽  
Hans-Joachim Lehmler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polar Bear ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Toxic Risk ◽  
Pcb Metabolites ◽  
Increasing Trends

<p>Exposure of polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) to persistent organic pollutants was discovered in the 1970s, but recent evidence suggests the presence of unknown toxic chemicals in their blood. Protein and phospholipid depleted serum was stirred with polyethersulfone capillaries to extract a broad range of analytes, and nontarget mass spectrometry with “fragmentation flagging” was used for detection. Hundreds of analytes were discovered belonging to 13 classes, including novel polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites and many fluorinated or chlorinated substances not previously detected. All analytes were detected in the oldest (mid-1980s) archived polar bear serum from Hudson Bay and Beaufort Sea, and all fluorinated classes showed increasing trends. A mouse experiment confirmed the novel PCB metabolites, suggesting that these could be widespread in mammals. Historical exposure and toxic risk has been underestimated, and emerging contaminants pose uncertain risks to this threatened species<br></p><br>

scholarly journals Individual Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Congeners Produce Tissue- and Gene-Specific Effects on Thyroid Hormone Signaling during Development

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (7) ◽  
pp. 2909-2919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Giera ◽  
Ruby Bansal ◽  
Theresa M. Ortiz-Toro ◽  
Daniel G. Taub ◽  
R. Thomas Zoeller
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Aroclor 1254 ◽  
Polycyclic Compounds ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Pcb Metabolites

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are industrial chemicals linked to developmental deficits that may be caused in part by disrupting thyroid hormone (TH) action by either reducing serum TH or interacting directly with the TH receptor (TR). Individual PCB congeners can activate the TR in vitro when the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) is induced, suggesting that specific PCB metabolites act as TR agonists. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we compared two combinations of PCB congeners that either activate the TR (PCB 105 and 118) or not (PCB 138 and 153) in the presence or absence of a PCB congener (PCB 126) that induces CYP1A1 in vitro. Aroclor 1254 was used as a positive control, and a group treated with propylthiouracil was included to characterize the effects of low serum TH. We monitored the effects on TH signaling in several peripheral tissues by measuring the mRNA expression of well-known TH-response genes in these tissues. Aroclor 1254 and its component PCB 105/118/126 reduced total T4 to the same extent as that of propylthiouracil but increased the expression of some TH target genes in liver. This effect was strongly correlated with CYP1A1 expression supporting the hypothesis that metabolism is necessary. Effects were gene and tissue specific, indicating that tissue-specific metabolism is an important component of PCB disruption of TH action and that PCB metabolites interact in complex ways with the TR. These are essential mechanisms to consider when evaluating the health risks of contaminant exposures, for both PCB and other polycyclic compounds known to interact with nuclear hormone receptors.

scholarly journals Hundreds of Unrecognized Halogenated Contaminants Discovered in Polar Bear Blood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanna Liu ◽  
Evan S. Richardson ◽  
Andrew E. Derocher ◽  
Nicholas J. Lunn ◽  
Hans-Joachim Lehmler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polar Bear ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Toxic Risk ◽  
Pcb Metabolites ◽  
Increasing Trends

<p>Exposure of polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) to persistent organic pollutants was discovered in the 1970s, but recent evidence suggests the presence of unknown toxic chemicals in their blood. Protein and phospholipid depleted serum was stirred with polyethersulfone capillaries to extract a broad range of analytes, and nontarget mass spectrometry with “fragmentation flagging” was used for detection. Hundreds of analytes were discovered belonging to 13 classes, including novel polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites and many fluorinated or chlorinated substances not previously detected. All analytes were detected in the oldest (mid-1980s) archived polar bear serum from Hudson Bay and Beaufort Sea, and all fluorinated classes showed increasing trends. A mouse experiment confirmed the novel PCB metabolites, suggesting that these could be widespread in mammals. Historical exposure and toxic risk has been underestimated, and emerging contaminants pose uncertain risks to this threatened species<br></p><br>

scholarly journals A reassessment of the nomenclature of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites.

2004 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Maervoet ◽  
Adrian Covaci ◽  
Paul Schepens ◽  
Courtney D Sandau ◽  
Robert J Letcher
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Pcb Metabolites

Fine Structural Alterations in Thyroid Follicular Cells (FC) and Changes in Serum Thyroxine Produced by Feeding Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) to Rats

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 498-499
Author(s):  
W.T. Collins ◽  
Charles C. Capen ◽  
Louis Kasza
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluids ◽  
Thyroid Follicular Cells ◽  
Peripheral Metabolism

The widespread contamination of the environment with PCB, a compound used extensively by industry in hydraulic and heat transfer fluids as well as plasticizers and solvents in adhesives and sealants, has resulted in detectable tissue levels in a large portion of the human population, domestic animals, and wildlife. Intoxication with PCB produces severe hepatic necrosis, degeneration of lymphoid tissues and kidney, skin lesions, decreased reproductive performance, reduced feed efficiency, and decreased weight gain. PCB also has been reported to reduce the binding of thyroid hormone to serum proteins and enhance the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine with increased excretion of thyroxine-glucuronide in the bile (Bastomsky, Endocrinology 95: 1150-1155, 1974).The objectives of this investigation were (1) to investigate the histopathologic, histochemical, and ultrastructural changes in thyroid FC produced by the acute (4 week) and chronic (12 week) administration of low (50 ppm) and high (500 ppm) doses of PCB to rats, (2) to correlate these alterations to changes in serum immunoreactive thyroxine concentration, and (3) to investigate the persistence of the effects of PCB on the thyroid gland.

Polychlorinated biphenyl induced hepatocyte alterations

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 716-717
Author(s):  
D.N. Collins ◽  
J.N. Turner ◽  
K.O. Brosch ◽  
R.F. Seegal
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
The Brain

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a ubiquitous class of environmental pollutants with toxic and hepatocellular effects, including accumulation of fat, proliferated smooth endoplasmic recticulum (SER), and concentric membrane arrays (CMAs) (1-3). The CMAs appear to be a membrane storage and degeneration organelle composed of a large number of concentric membrane layers usually surrounding one or more lipid droplets often with internalized membrane fragments (3). The present study documents liver alteration after a short term single dose exposure to PCBs with high chlorine content, and correlates them with reported animal weights and central nervous system (CNS) measures. In the brain PCB congeners were concentrated in particular regions (4) while catecholamine concentrations were decreased (4-6). Urinary levels of homovanillic acid a dopamine metabolite were evaluated (7).Wistar rats were gavaged with corn oil (6 controls), or with a 1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 in corn oil at 500 or 1000 mg total PCB/kg (6 at each level).

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