Mass Spectrometry Imaging Deciphers Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in the Human Hippocampus Affected by Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

One of the main putative causes of therapy refractory epilepsy in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis is the overexpression of multidrug transporters (MDTs) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It steps up the removal of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) out of the brain cells across the BBB resulting in a low concentration of AEDs within the target cells. Some of the mechanisms of AED resistance are most likely to be genetically determined. To obtain more information about the underlying pathophysiology of intractability in epilepsy, we compared the global gene expression profile of human hippocampus and hippocampal-derived microvascular endothelial cells from MTLE with HS patients and controls. At the level of MDT, a significant up-regulation was found for ABCB1 (P-gp), ABCB2, ABCB3, and ABCB4, which was mainly related to endothelial cells. The data on the MDT were validated and extended by quantitative RT-PCR. Surprisingly, inflammatory factors such as interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18) and cytokines (TNF-α and TGF-β1) were found to be up-regulated in hippocampal parenchyma. The overexpression of P-gp, IL-1β, and IL-6 was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our results suggest that complex expression changes of ABC-transporters may play a decisive role in pharmacoresistance in MTLE. Further studies on the new and unexpected overexpression of inflammatory cytokines may unlock hitherto undiscovered pathways of the underlying pathophysiology of human MTLE.

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HCN Channel Phosphorylation Sites Mapped by Mass Spectrometry in Human Epilepsy Patients and in an Animal Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 460 ◽

pp. 13-30

Author(s):

F.A. Concepcion ◽

M.N. Khan ◽

J-D. Ju Wang ◽

A.D. Wei ◽

J.G. Ojemann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Animal Model ◽

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Temporal Lobe ◽

Phosphorylation Sites ◽

Hcn Channel ◽

Human Epilepsy

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IL-1β and HMGB1 are anti-neurogenic to endogenous neural stem cells in the sclerotic epileptic human hippocampus

Journal of Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1186/s12974-021-02265-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Malik Zaben ◽

Niels Haan ◽

Feras Sharouf ◽

Aminul Ahmed ◽

Lars E. Sundstrom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Animal Models ◽

Neural Stem Cells ◽

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Learning And Memory ◽

Temporal Lobe ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Human Hippocampus ◽

Dependent Learning ◽

Endogenous Neural Stem Cells

Abstract Background The dentate gyrus exhibits life-long neurogenesis of granule-cell neurons, supporting hippocampal dependent learning and memory. Both temporal lobe epilepsy patients and animal models frequently have hippocampal-dependent learning and memory difficulties and show evidence of reduced neurogenesis. Animal and human temporal lobe epilepsy studies have also shown strong innate immune system activation, which in animal models reduces hippocampal neurogenesis. We sought to determine if and how neuroinflammation signals reduced neurogenesis in the epileptic human hippocampus and its potential reversibility. Methods We isolated endogenous neural stem cells from surgically resected hippocampal tissue in 15 patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. We examined resultant neurogenesis after growing them either as neurospheres in an ideal environment, in 3D cultures which preserved the inflammatory microenvironment and/or in 2D cultures which mimicked it. Results 3D human hippocampal cultures largely replicated the cellular composition and inflammatory environment of the epileptic hippocampus. The microenvironment of sclerotic human epileptic hippocampal tissue is strongly anti-neurogenic, with sustained release of the proinflammatory proteins HMGB1 and IL-1β. IL-1β and HMGB1 significantly reduce human hippocampal neurogenesis and blockade of their IL-1R and TLR 2/4 receptors by IL1Ra and Box-A respectively, significantly restores neurogenesis in 2D and 3D culture. Conclusion Our results demonstrate a HMGB1 and IL-1β-mediated environmental anti-neurogenic effect in human TLE, identifying both the IL-1R and TLR 2/4 receptors as potential drug targets for restoring human hippocampal neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy.

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IL-1β and HMGB1 are anti-neurogenic to endogenous neural stem cells in the sclerotic epileptic human hippocampus

10.21203/rs.3.rs-402363/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Malik Zaben ◽

Niels Haan ◽

Feras Sharouf ◽

Aminul Ahmed ◽

Lars Sundstrom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Animal Models ◽

Neural Stem Cells ◽

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽

Learning And Memory ◽

Temporal Lobe ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Human Hippocampus ◽

Dependent Learning ◽

Endogenous Neural Stem Cells

Abstract Background: The dentate gyrus exhibits life-long neurogenesis of granule-cell neurons, supporting hippocampal dependent learning and memory. Both temporal lobe epilepsy patients and animal models frequently have hippocampal-dependent learning and memory difficulties and show evidence of reduced neurogenesis. Animal and human temporal lobe epilepsy studies have also shown strong innate immune system activation, which in animal models reduces hippocampal neurogenesis. We sought to determine if and how neuroinflammation signals reduced neurogenesis in the epileptic human hippocampus and its potential reversibility.Methods: We isolated endogenous neural stem cells from surgically resected hippocampal tissue in 15 patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. We examined resultant neurogenesis after growing them either as neurospheres in an ideal environment, in 3D cultures which preserved the inflammatory microenvironment and/or in 2D cultures which mimicked it.Results: 3D human hippocampal cultures largely replicated the cellular composition and inflammatory environment of the epileptic hippocampus. The microenvironment of sclerotic human epileptic hippocampal tissue is strongly anti-neurogenic, with sustained release of the proinflammatory proteins HMGB1 and IL-1β. IL-1β and HMGB1 significantly reduce human hippocampal neurogenesis and blockade of their IL-1R and TLR 2/4 receptors by IL1Ra and Box-A respectively, significantly restores neurogenesis in 2D and 3D culture. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a HMGB1 and IL-1β-mediated environmental anti- neurogenic effect in human TLE, identifying both the IL-1R and TLR 2/4 receptors as potential drug targets for restoring human hippocampal neurogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy.

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