The synthesis of porphyrin–steroid conjugates is examined using the natural steroids oestradiol, oestrone, and lithocholic acid as precursors. Two strategies differing in the timing of formation of the steroid–porphyrin linkage leading to four different construction motifs are explored. Two approaches are based on a strategy of introduction of steroidal components in the porphyrin-forming reaction involving condensation of steroidal-alkylaldehydes and pyrrole to give 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(steroidal-alkyl)porphyrins and differ in the way in which the required aldehyde is introduced to the steroidal component. In the other strategy, a steroidal component is introduced by post-porphyrin synthesis reactions and here also two approaches were explored, one involving nucleophilic substitution and the other esterification. Of the four approaches investigated, the most efficient and most versatile one attaches the steroidal components late in the sequence to a 5,10,15,20-tetra(ω-haloalkyl)porphyrin by a nucleophilic substitution reaction. In this way, a 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[oestrone-linked-heptyl)porphyrin was obtained in 47 % yield.
Synthesis of Carbohydrate Based Macrolactones and Their Applications as Receptors for Ion Recognition and Catalysis
