Dissociable Components of Error Processing

Abstract: We conducted a literature review to examine the functional significance of the error positivity (Pe), an error-related electrophysiological brain potential often observed in combination with the error negativity (Ne). The review revealed many dissociations between documented effects on the Ne and Pe, suggesting that these components reflect different aspects of error processing. We found little support for the proposed hypotheses that the Pe is associated with the affective processing of errors or with posterror behavioral adaptation. Some support was found for the hypothesis that the Pe reflects conscious recognition of an error. Finally, we discuss the notion that the Pe may reflect a P3b associated with the motivational significance of the error. We conclude that more research is needed to test predictions of the various Pe hypotheses, and that more rigorous investigation of the neural generators of the Pe may contribute to a better understanding of the neurocognitive processes involved in error monitoring.

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The impact of stress on feedback and error processing during behavioral adaptation

Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.004 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 181-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Katharina Glienke ◽

Oliver T. Wolf ◽

Christian Bellebaum

Keyword(s):

Error Processing ◽

Behavioral Adaptation ◽

The Impact

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Error Awareness in a Saccade Countermanding Task

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.275 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 275-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Tanja Endrass ◽

Cosima Franke ◽

Norbert Kathmann

Keyword(s):

Performance Feedback ◽

Stop Signal ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Stop Signal Task ◽

Response Monitoring ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Error Awareness ◽

Error Positivity ◽

Oculomotor Response ◽

Countermanding Task

Abstract: Stop-signal tasks can be used to analyze mechanisms of action control and error monitoring. Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies indicated enhanced stop-signal N2 amplitudes for unsuccessful compared with successful inhibition. The aim of this study was to further investigate whether stop-signal related and response-related ERP components would reflect different aspects of error processing. ERPs were recorded during a saccade countermanding task, i.e. a stop-signal task with oculomotor response. Error awareness was obtained from subjective accuracy ratings. The response-related error positivity (Pe) was more pronounced for perceived than for unperceived errors whereas awareness of an error did not modulate the magnitude of the error negativity (Ne). This result is in accordance with previous findings. Stop-signal related ERPs revealed enhanced N2 amplitudes for incorrect (unsuccessfully stopped) trials compared with correct trials. However, this enhancement was restricted to perceived errors. The results support the idea that the stop-signal itself provides a performance feedback and the N2 reflects aspects of conscious response monitoring of unsuccessful inhibition.

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Reversing Reciprocal Suppression in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Hypothetical Model to Explain EMDR Effectiveness

Journal of EMDR Practice and Research ◽

10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.88 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 88-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bryce Kaye

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Affective Processing ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Hypothetical Model ◽

Distraction Effect ◽

Finger Tracking ◽

Cognitive Areas

A theoretical model is proposed to explain desensitization during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as resulting from the reversal of reciprocal suppression of cognitive processing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Dual-attention and error monitoring are known to activate dorsal regions of the ACC that mediate metacognitive processing. Neuroimaging research has produced evidence that cognitive areas in the upper ACC may reciprocally suppress affective processing in the lower areas and vice versa. It is therefore proposed that the original eye-to-finger tracking task of EMDR may achieve its therapeutic effect by using error monitoring to reverse suppression of the upper ACC by the lower ACC. Contributions to EMDR effectiveness from resource installation and novelty-driven orienting reflexes may also influence ACC functioning. A distraction effect is proposed to be a negative and potentially disruptive by-product of very interactive stimulation tasks. A semantic priming procedure is suggested to limit distraction effects during more interactive forms of stimulation.

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Conflict monitoring, error detection, and inhibition: behavioural and electrophysiological features

10.32920/ryerson.14647125.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Egeto

Keyword(s):

Error Detection ◽

Performance Monitoring ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Conflict Monitoring ◽

Error Awareness ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Error Positivity ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Inhibition Index

Event-related potentials of performance monitoring, including N2 (conflict monitoring), error-related negativity and error positivity (ERN and Pe; error monitoring), and P3 (inhibition) have been studied. However, conflict monitoring lacks a behavioural measure, and the functional significance of ERN, Pe, and P3 are debated. To address these issues, a behavioural measure of conflict monitoring was tested by subtracting the reaction time (RT) of a simple from a choice RT task to isolate conflict monitoring; the functions of error monitoring and inhibition were examined. The RT difference correlated with the N2 area (longer conflict monitoring related to a larger N2). ERN and Pe areas were negatively and positively correlated with errors, respectively. P3 magnitude and onset were correlated with an inhibition index. The new behavioural measure provides an accessible way to study conflict monitoring. Theories of conflict monitoring for ERN, error awareness for Pe, and inhibition for P3 were replicated and extended.

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Diminished error-related negativity and error positivity in children and adults with externalizing problems and disorders: a meta-analysis on error processing

Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience ◽

10.1503/jpn.200031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. E615-E627

Author(s):

Miranda Christine Lutz ◽

Rianne Kok ◽

Ilse Verveer ◽

Marcelo Malbec ◽

Susanne Koot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Externalizing Problems ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Error Processing ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Error Positivity

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On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci9090226 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 226 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lin ◽

Eckerle ◽

Peng ◽

Moser

Keyword(s):

Mindfulness Training ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Behavioral Performance ◽

Trait Mindfulness ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Error Positivity ◽

Open Monitoring ◽

Mechanisms Of Mindfulness ◽

Active Controls

A nascent line of research aimed at elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness has consistently identified a relationship between mindfulness and error monitoring. However, the exact nature of this relationship is unclear, with studies reporting divergent outcomes. The current study sought to clarify the ambiguity by addressing issues related to construct heterogeneity and technical variation in mindfulness training. Specifically, we examined the effects of a brief open monitoring (OM) meditation on neural (error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe)) and behavioral indices of error monitoring in one of the largest novice non-meditating samples to date (N = 212). Results revealed that the OM meditation enhanced Pe amplitude relative to active controls but did not modulate the ERN or behavioral performance. Moreover, exploratory analyses yielded no relationships between trait mindfulness and the ERN or Pe across either group. Broadly, our findings suggest that technical variation in scope and object of awareness during mindfulness training may differentially modulate the ERN and Pe. Conceptual and methodological implications pertaining to the operationalization of mindfulness and its training are discussed.

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Percept-based and object-based error processing: An experimental dissociation of error-related negativity and error positivity

Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1016/j.clinph.2010.06.031 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 122 (2) ◽

pp. 299-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Henning Gibbons ◽

Anna-Sophia Fritzsche ◽

Sonja Bienert ◽

Anne-Simone Armbrecht ◽

Jutta Stahl

Keyword(s):

Error Processing ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Object Based ◽

Error Positivity

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Neural dynamics of executive function in cognitively able kindergarteners with autism spectrum disorders as predictors of concurrent academic achievement

Autism ◽

10.1177/1362361319874920 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 780-794 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

So Hyun Kim ◽

George Buzzell ◽

Susan Faja ◽

Yeo Bi Choi ◽

Hannah R Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Executive Function ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Theta Power ◽

Error Positivity

Although electrophysiological (electroencephalography) measures of executive functions (e.g. error monitoring) have been used to predict academic achievement in typically developing children, work investigating a link between error monitoring and academic skills in children with autism spectrum disorder is limited. In this study, we employed traditional electrophysiological and advanced time–frequency methods, combined with principal component analyses, to extract neural activity related to error monitoring and tested their relations to academic achievement in cognitively able kindergarteners with autism spectrum disorder. In total, 35 cognitively able kindergarteners with autism spectrum disorder completed academic assessments and the child-friendly “Zoo Game” Go/No-go task at school entry. The Go/No-go task successfully elicited an error-related negativity and error positivity in children with autism spectrum disorder as young as 5 years at fronto-central and posterior electrode sites, respectively. We also observed increased response-related theta power during errors relative to correct trials at fronto-central sites. Both larger error positivity and theta power significantly predicted concurrent academic achievement after controlling for behavioral performance on the Zoo Game and intelligence quotient. These results suggest that the use of time–frequency electroencephalography analyses, combined with traditional event-related potential measures, may provide new opportunities to investigate neurobiological mechanisms of executive function and academic achievement in young children with autism spectrum disorder.

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Dynamical EEG Indices of Progressive Motor Inhibition and Error-Monitoring

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11040478 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 478

Author(s):

Trung Van Nguyen ◽

Prasad Balachandran ◽

Neil G. Muggleton ◽

Wei-Kuang Liang ◽

Chi-Hung Juan

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Control ◽

Control Process ◽

Stop Signal ◽

Stop Signal Task ◽

Error Processing ◽

Alpha Power ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Motor Inhibition ◽

Hilbert Huang Transform ◽

Time Frequency

Response inhibition has been widely explored using the stop signal paradigm in the laboratory setting. However, the mechanism that demarcates attentional capture from the motor inhibition process is still unclear. Error monitoring is also involved in the stop signal task. Error responses that do not complete, i.e., partial errors, may require different error monitoring mechanisms relative to an overt error. Thus, in this study, we included a “continue go” (Cont_Go) condition to the stop signal task to investigate the inhibitory control process. To establish the finer difference in error processing (partial vs. full unsuccessful stop (USST)), a grip-force device was used in tandem with electroencephalographic (EEG), and the time-frequency characteristics were computed with Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT). Relative to Cont_Go, HHT results reveal (1) an increased beta and low gamma power for successful stop trials, indicating an electrophysiological index of inhibitory control, (2) an enhanced theta and alpha power for full USST trials that may mirror error processing. Additionally, the higher theta and alpha power observed in partial over full USST trials around 100 ms before the response onset, indicating the early detection of error and the corresponding correction process. Together, this study extends our understanding of the finer motor inhibition control and its dynamic electrophysiological mechanisms.

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Neural Dynamics of Executive Function in Cognitively-able Kindergarteners with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) as Predictors of Concurrent Academic Achievement

10.1101/455485 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

So Hyun Kim ◽

George Buzzell ◽

Susan Faja ◽

Yeo Bi Choi ◽

Hannah Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Theta Power ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Use Of Time ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Error Positivity ◽

Academic Assessments

AbstractAlthough electrophysiological (EEG) measures of executive functions (EF) (e.g. error monitoring) have been used to predict academic achievement in typically developing (TD) children, work investigating a link between error monitoring, and academic skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited. In the current study, we employed traditional electrophysiological and advanced time-frequency methods, combined with principal components analyses, to extract neural activity related to error monitoring, and tested their relations to academic achievement in cognitively-able kindergarteners with ASD. Thirty-five cognitively-able kindergarteners with ASD completed academic assessments and the child-friendly “Zoo Game” Go/No-go task at school entry. The Go/No-go task successfully elicited an error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) in children with ASD as young as 5 years at medio-frontal and posterior electrode sites, respectively. We also observed increased response-related theta power during errors relative to correct trials at medio-frontal sites. Both larger Pe and theta power significantly predicted concurrent academic achievement after controlling for behavioral performance on the Zoo Game and IQ. These results suggest that the use of time frequency EEG analyses, combined with traditional ERP measures, may provide new opportunities to investigate neurobiological mechanisms of EF and academic achievement in young children with ASD.

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