Availability heuristic in judgments of set size and frequency of occurrence.

Two experiments examined the cognitive processes underlying judgements of set size and judgements of frequency of occurrence in young (Experiments 1 and 2) and older (Experiment 2) adults. Previous research has implicated the availability heuristic in set-size judgements, whereas an automatic processing mechanism has been implicated in judgements of frequency of occurrence. In the current experiments, path analysis was employed to investigate the role of an availability bias in performance on the judgement tasks. In Experiments 1 and 2, both types of judgement were influenced by repetition frequency of words independent of the availability (recall) of specific exemplars. Experiment 2 extended the investigation to include age differences. Although older adults’ recall performance was poorer overall, the availability bias was age invariant, and there were no age differences in either set-size or frequency-of-occurrence judgements. Our results indicate that both set-size and frequency-of-occurrence judgements are independent of the availability bias evident in recall, and they support the notion that an automatic processing mechanism underlies both types of judgement.

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Set-size and Frequency-of-occurrence Judgements in Young and Older Adults: The Role of the Availability Heuristic

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A ◽

10.1080/027249800390763 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 247-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jennifer E. Maley ◽

Maree Hunt ◽

Wendy Parr

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Availability Heuristic ◽

Set Size

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The Moderating Role of Category Salience and Category Focus in Judgments of Set Size and Frequency of Occurrence

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0146167299025004006 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 463-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tilmann Betsch ◽

Frank Siebler ◽

Peter Marz ◽

Stefan Hormuth ◽

Dorothee Dickenberger

Keyword(s):

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Set Size ◽

Moderating Role

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TEM studies of tweed microstructures in annealed amelia albite

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100178458 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 1064-1065

Author(s):

Y. J. Kim ◽

D. M. Henderson

Keyword(s):

Annealing Time ◽

The Other ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Systematic Trend ◽

Tweed Structure

Natural Amelia albite (Ab99.3An0.1Or0.6) annealed at 1073° and 924°C for various periods up to 140 days has been studied by NMR. TEM studies of the same sample revealed a distinct tweed microstructure in some samples annealed at both 1073°C and 924°C. On the whole, the quasi-regular tweed has a periodicity of 100 - 200 Å in both directions, one nearly normal to b* and the other approximately parallel to b*, which gives rise to two-directional streaking in SADP’s (Fig. 1 and 2). However, there are some differences in the tweed structure developed on annealing at 1073°C and at 924°C in albite.Albite samples annealed at 1073° show a systematic trend in their development of tweed structures: the regularity, periodicity, and frequency of occurrence increase with annealing time during the first 3 days, and then decrease gradually until no tweed microstructures are seen in samples annealed for more than 15 days. The tweed structure proceeds locally to form one-directional twin-like microstructures.

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An Investigation of the Assumptions Underlying the Scoring System of the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale: Revised

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.1004.241 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 241-245

Author(s):

Richard J. Schissel ◽

Linda B. James

Keyword(s):

Scoring System ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence

This study examines the assumptions underlying the scoring system of the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale: Revised. Twenty-one children between the ages of four years two months and six years 11 months were administered the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale: Revised and the Screening Deep Test of Articulation. The subjects' performance on the two tests was compared for the phones: [s], [l], [r], [t∫], [θ], [∫], [k], [f], and [t]. Results suggested that 1) the production of most sounds in only two contexts does not necessarily reflect the accuracy of production of those sounds in other contexts, and 2) for the sounds tested, the weightings assigned on the basis of their frequency of occurrence rather than the frequency with which they were misarticulated overestimated the extent of many articulation errors.

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Teachers' Stereotypes of Children Who Wear Hearing Aids

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.1203.139 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 139-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cletus G. Fisher ◽

Kenneth Brooks

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

School Child ◽

Hearing Aids ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Social Implications ◽

Elementary School Child ◽

Classroom Teachers ◽

Frequency Of Occurrence ◽

Service Training

Classroom teachers were asked to list the traits they felt were characteristic of the elementary school child who wears a hearing aid. These listings were evaluated according to the desirability of the traits and were studied regarding frequency of occurrence, desirability, and educational, emotional, and social implications. The results of the groupings are discussed in terms of pre-service and in-service training.

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Face and Word Recognition in Patients with Left and Right Hemispheric Lesions: Evidence from Reaction Times and ERPs

Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie ◽

10.1024//1016-264x.13.1.69 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 69-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stefan R. Schweinberger ◽

Thomas Klos ◽

Werner Sommer

Keyword(s):

Slow Wave ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Memory Search ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Performance Deficits ◽

Set Size ◽

Left Brain ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Abstract Words ◽

Left Brain Damage

Abstract: We recorded reaction times (RTs) and event-related potentials (ERPs) in patients with unilateral lesions during a memory search task. Participants memorized faces or abstract words, which were then recognized among new ones. The RT deficit found in patients with left brain damage (LBD) for words increased with memory set size, suggesting that their problem relates to memory search. In contrast, the RT deficit found in patients with RBD for faces was apparently related to perceptual encoding, a conclusion also supported by their reduced P100 ERP component. A late slow wave (720-1720 ms) was enhanced in patients, particularly to words in patients with LBD, and to faces in patients with RBD. Thus, the slow wave was largest in the conditions with most pronounced performance deficits, suggesting that it reflects deficit-related resource recruitment.

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