Set-size and Frequency-of-occurrence Judgements in Young and Older Adults: The Role of the Availability Heuristic

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Maley ◽  
Maree Hunt ◽  
Wendy Parr
2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Maley ◽  
Maree Hunt ◽  
Wendy Parr

Two experiments examined the cognitive processes underlying judgements of set size and judgements of frequency of occurrence in young (Experiments 1 and 2) and older (Experiment 2) adults. Previous research has implicated the availability heuristic in set-size judgements, whereas an automatic processing mechanism has been implicated in judgements of frequency of occurrence. In the current experiments, path analysis was employed to investigate the role of an availability bias in performance on the judgement tasks. In Experiments 1 and 2, both types of judgement were influenced by repetition frequency of words independent of the availability (recall) of specific exemplars. Experiment 2 extended the investigation to include age differences. Although older adults’ recall performance was poorer overall, the availability bias was age invariant, and there were no age differences in either set-size or frequency-of-occurrence judgements. Our results indicate that both set-size and frequency-of-occurrence judgements are independent of the availability bias evident in recall, and they support the notion that an automatic processing mechanism underlies both types of judgement.


1993 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Manis ◽  
Jonathan Shedler ◽  
John Jonides ◽  
Thomas E. Nelson

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilmann Betsch ◽  
Frank Siebler ◽  
Peter Marz ◽  
Stefan Hormuth ◽  
Dorothee Dickenberger

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Sun ◽  
Disa Sauter

Getting old is generally seen as unappealing, yet aging confers considerable advantages in several psychological domains (North & Fiske, 2015). In particular, older adults are better off emotionally than younger adults, with aging associated with the so-called “age advantages,” that is, more positive and less negative emotional experiences (Carstensen et al., 2011). Although the age advantages are well established, it is less clear whether they occur under conditions of prolonged stress. In a recent study, Carstensen et al (2020) demonstrated that the age advantages persist during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that older adults are able to utilise cognitive and behavioural strategies to ameliorate even sustained stress. Here, we build on Carstensen and colleagues’ work with two studies. In Study 1, we provide a large-scale test of the robustness of Carstensen and colleagues’ finding that older individuals experience more positive and less negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We measured positive and negative emotions along with age information in 23,629 participants in 63 countries in April-May 2020. In Study 2, we provide a comparison of the age advantages using representative samples collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We demonstrate that older people experience less negative emotion than younger people during the prolonged stress of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the advantage of older adults was diminished during the pandemic, pointing to a likely role of older adults use of situation selection strategies (Charles, 2010).


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