Personality and opponent processes: Shyness, sociability, and visual afterimages to emotion.

Emotion ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-612
Author(s):  
Kristie L. Poole ◽  
Zahra Khalesi ◽  
M. D. Rutherford ◽  
Anna Swain ◽  
Jennifer N. Mullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opponent Processes

Color Vision From the Opponent-Processes Point of View

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 506-508
Author(s):  
Peter K. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Opponent Processes

scholarly journals Excitatory second-order conditioning using a backward first-order conditioned stimulus: A challenge for prediction error reduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Vinca Rivière ◽  
Jean-Claude Darcheville ◽  
Gonzalo P Urcelay ◽  
Ralph R Miller
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcer ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Opponent Processes

Prével and colleagues reported excitatory learning with a backward conditioned stimulus (CS) in a conditioned reinforcement preparation. Their results add to existing evidence of backward CSs sometimes being excitatory and were viewed as challenging the view that learning is driven by prediction error reduction, which assumes that only predictive (i.e., forward) relationships are learned. The results instead were consistent with the assumptions of both Miller’s Temporal Coding Hypothesis and Wagner’s Sometimes Opponent Processes (SOP) model. The present experiment extended the conditioned reinforcement preparation developed by Prével et al. to a backward second-order conditioning preparation, with the aim of discriminating between these two accounts. We tested whether a second-order CS can serve as an effective conditioned reinforcer, even when the first-order CS with which it was paired is a backward CS that elicits no responding. Evidence of conditioned reinforcement was found, despite no conditioned response (CR) being elicited by the first-order backward CS. The evidence of second-order conditioning in the absence of excitatory conditioning to the first-order CS is interpreted as a challenge to SOP. In contrast, the present results are consistent with the Temporal Coding Hypothesis and constitute a conceptual replication in humans of previous reports of excitatory second-order conditioning in rodents with a backward CS. The proposal is made that learning is driven by “discrepancy” with prior experience as opposed to “ prediction error.”

Demand-Perception and Self-Motivation as Opponent Processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Bledow
Keyword(s):  
Opponent Processes

Unique hues

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Byrne ◽  
David R. Hilbert
Keyword(s):  
Opponent Processes ◽  
Unique Hues

Saunders & van Brakel argue, inter alia, that there is “little evidence” for the claim that there are four unique hues (red, green, blue, and yellow), and that there are two corresponding opponent processes. We argue that this is quite mistaken.

scholarly journals Opponent processes in visual memories: A model of attraction and repulsion in navigating insects’ mushroom bodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e1007631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Le Möel ◽  
Antoine Wystrach
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Opponent Processes

Adaptation and gain normalization: a comment on Ullman & Schechtman (1982)

1983 ◽  
Vol 219 (1217) ◽  
pp. 471-473
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Field ◽  
Network Module ◽  
Opponent Processes ◽  
Gating Process

A well-known process for adaptation and gain normalization is compared with the process described by S. Ullman and G. Schechtman ( Proc. R. Soc. Lond . B 216, 299–313 (1982)). A neural interpretation of this process in terms of transmitter gating, slow accumulation, and release is described. Applications to a wide variety of problems in perception, cognition, and motivated behaviour can be made by embedding the gating process into opponent processes, notably shunting on-centre off-surround networks, to form a network module called a gated dipole field.

The regulation of sleep and arousal: Development and psychopathology

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Developmental Psychobiology ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Opponent Processes ◽  
Sleep Arousal ◽  
Developmental Domains ◽  
Developmental Pathology

AbstractThroughout early development, a child spends more time asleep than in any waking activity. Yet, the specific role of sleep in brain maturation is a complete mystery. In this article, the developmental psychobiology of sleep regulation is conceptualized within the context of close links to the control of arousal, affect, and attention. The interactions among these systems are considered from an ontogenetic and evolutionary biological perspective. A model is proposed for the development of sleep and arousal regulation with the following major tenets:1. Sleep and vigilance represent opponent processes in a larger system of arousal regulation.2. The regulation of sleep, arousal, affect, and attention overlap in physiological, neuroanatomical, clinical, and developmental domains.3. Complex interactions among these regulatory systems are modulated and integrated in regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC).4. Changes at the level of PFC underlie maturational shifts in the relative balance across these regulatory systems (such as decreases in the depth/length of sleep and increased capacity for vigilance and attention), which occur with normal development.5. The effects of sleep deprivation (including alterations in attention, emotions, and goal-directed behaviors) also involve changes at the level of PFC integration across regulatory systems.This model is then discussed in the context of developmental pathology in the control of affect and attention, with an emphasis on sleep changes in depression.

scholarly journals Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1065-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Edgar ◽  
WC Dement ◽  
CA Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Opponent Processes

Opponent processes as a model of neural organization.

1974 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo M. Hurvich ◽  
Dorothea Jameson
Keyword(s):  
Neural Organization ◽  
Opponent Processes

scholarly journals An opponent process for alcohol addiction based on changes in endocrine gland mass

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Karin ◽  
Moriya Raz ◽  
Uri Alon
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Alcohol Addiction ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Opponent Process ◽  
Endocrine Stress Response ◽  
Opponent Processes ◽  
Fold Change Detection

SummaryConsuming addictive drugs is often initially pleasurable, but escalating drug intake eventually recruits physiological “anti-reward” systems called opponent processes that cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Opponent processes are fundamental for the addiction process, but their physiological basis is not fully characterized. Here, we propose an opponent processes mechanism centered on the endocrine stress-response, the HPA axis. We focus on alcohol addiction, where the HPA axis is activated and secretes β-endorphin, causing euphoria and analgesia. Using a mathematical model, we show that slow changes in HPA glands act as an opponent process for β-endorphin secretion. The model explains hormone dynamics in alcohol addiction, and experiments on alcohol preference in rodents. The opponent process is based on fold-change detection (FCD) where β-endorphin responses are relative rather than absolute; FCD confers vulnerability to addiction but has adaptive roles for learning. Our model suggests gland-mass changes as potential targets for intervention in addiction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document