hpa axis
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2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos Makris ◽  
Agorastos Agorastos ◽  
George P. Chrousos ◽  
Panagiota Pervanidou

The mission of the human stress system is the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived, acute or chronic stressors. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are the stress system-related neuroendocrine pathways. There is abundant evidence that children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exhibit atypical function within the HPA axis and the ANS both at the resting state and during the presence of social and/or non-social stressors. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of the findings regarding stress system alterations in children and adolescents with ASD. We focus on the variations of stress hormones circadian rhythms, specifically cortisol and alpha-amylase (i.e., a surrogate index of epinephrine/norepinephrine secretion), and on the alterations of stress system responsivity to different stressors. Also, we present imaging and immunological findings that have been associated with stress system dysregulation in children and adolescents with ASD. Finally, we review the pivotal role of HPA axis-ANS coordination, the developmental trajectory of the stress system in ASD, and the possible role of early life stress in the dysregulation of the stress system demonstrated in children and adolescents with ASD. This synthesis will hopefully provide researchers with a foundation for an integrated approach to future research into stress system variations in children and adolescents with ASD.


Author(s):  
Kenya Sanada ◽  
Hiromichi Ueno ◽  
Tetsu Miyamoto ◽  
Kazuhiko Baba ◽  
Kentaro Tanaka ◽  
...  

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is produced in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON). Peripheral AVP, which is secreted from the posterior pituitary, is produced in the magnocellular division of the PVN (mPVN) and SON. In addition, AVP is produced in the parvocellular division of the PVN (pPVN), where corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) is synthesized. These peptides synergistically modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Previous studies have revealed that the HPA axis was activated by the hypovolemia. However, the detailed dynamics of AVP in the pPVN under hypovolemic state has not been elucidated. Here, we evaluated the effects of hypovolemia and hyperosmolality on the hypothalamus, using AVP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgenic rats. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) or 3% hypertonic saline (HTN) was intraperitoneally administered in order to develop hypovolemia or hyperosmolality. AVP-eGFP intensity was robustly upregulated at 3 and 6 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of PEG or HTN in the mPVN. While in the pPVN, eGFP intensity was significantly increased at 6 h after i.p. administration of PEG with significant induction of Fos-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons. Consistently, eGFP mRNA, AVP hnRNA, and CRF mRNA in the pPVN and plasma AVP and corticosterone were significantly increased at 6 h after i.p. administration of PEG. The results suggest that AVP and CRF syntheses in the pPVN were activated by hypovolemia, resulting in the activation of the HPA axis.


2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Luiza Marek-Jozefowicz ◽  
Rafał Czajkowski ◽  
Alina Borkowska ◽  
Bogusław Nedoszytko ◽  
Michał A. Żmijewski ◽  
...  

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with systemic manifestation, in which psychological factors play an important role. The etiology of psoriasis is complex and multifactorial, including genetic background and environmental factors such as emotional or physical stress. Psychological stress may also play a role in exacerbation of psoriasis, by dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic–adrenal–medullary axis, peripheral nervous system, and immune system. Skin cells also express various neuropeptides and hormones in response to stress, including the fully functional analog of the HPA axis. The deterioration of psoriatic lesions is accompanied by increased production of inflammatory mediators, which could contribute to the imbalance of neurotransmitters and the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety. Therefore, deregulation of the crosstalk between endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine stress signaling pathways contributes to clinical manifestations of psoriasis, which requires multidisciplinary approaches.


2022 ◽  
pp. 105660
Author(s):  
Pauline S. Effenberger ◽  
Tabea S. Send ◽  
Maria Gilles ◽  
Isabell A.-C. Wolf ◽  
Josef Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2022 ◽  
pp. 101588
Author(s):  
Raphael J. Dressle ◽  
Bernd Feige ◽  
Kai Spiegelhalder ◽  
Christine Schmucker ◽  
Fee Benz ◽  
...  

Appetite ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 105707
Author(s):  
Rose Seoyoung Chang ◽  
Hilâl Cerit ◽  
Taryn Hye ◽  
E. Leighton Durham ◽  
Harlyn Aizley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Silveira‐Rosa ◽  
António Mateus‐Pinheiro ◽  
Joana Sofia Correia ◽  
Joana Margarida Silva ◽  
Joana Martins‐Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Auriana Urfer ◽  
Hélène Turpin ◽  
Nevena Dimitrova ◽  
Ayala Borghini ◽  
Kerstin Jessica Plessen ◽  
...  

A preterm birth represents a stressful event having potentially negative long-term consequences. Thirty-three children born preterm (<33 weeks gestational age) and eleven full-term children participated in a nine-year longitudinal study. Perinatal Risk Inventory (PERI) was used at birth to assess the perinatal stress. Salivary cortisol, collected four times a day over two consecutive days, was measured with radioimmunoassay technique at six months and nine years to assess the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mothers reported post-traumatic symptoms on a self-report questionnaire 12 months after their child’s birth and children’s adjustment problems at 9 years of child age on the Child Behavior Checklist. Results showed a significant difference in cortisol regulation at nine years between preterm and full-term children but no differences in adjustment problems. Whereas biological factors (i.e., PERI, cortisol regulation at six months) explained cortisol at nine years, maternal post-traumatic symptoms were predictive of adjustment problems in their child. In conclusion, very preterm birth has some long-term consequences on the HPA-axis regulation at nine years. Although cortisol regulation is mostly influenced by biological factors, the presence of maternal post-traumatic symptoms predicts the manifestation of adjustment problems in both groups. This shows the importance of maternal psychological well-being for child development. Further research is needed to understand the exact consequences of premature birth on cortisol regulation and the implication for the child’s development and health.


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