Shuttle-box versus -maze avoidance: Value of multiple response measures in interpreting active-avoidance performance of rats.

1973 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Caul ◽  
Robert J. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Performance ◽  
Multiple Response ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Response Measures

scholarly journals The weakly electric fish, Apteronotus albifrons, actively avoids experimentally induced hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Mucha ◽  
Lauren J. Chapman ◽  
Rüdiger Krahe
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Electric Fish ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weakly Electric Fish ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Electric Organ Discharges ◽  
Weakly Electric

AbstractAnthropogenic environmental degradation has led to an increase in the frequency and prevalence of aquatic hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen concentration, DO), which may affect habitat quality for water-breathing fishes. The weakly electric black ghost knifefish, Apteronotus albifrons, is typically found in well-oxygenated freshwater habitats in South America. Using a shuttle-box design, we exposed juvenile A. albifrons to a stepwise decline in DO from normoxia (> 95% air saturation) to extreme hypoxia (10% air saturation) in one compartment and chronic normoxia in the other. On average, A. albifrons actively avoided the hypoxic compartment below 22% air saturation. Hypoxia avoidance was correlated with upregulated swimming activity. Following avoidance, fish regularly ventured back briefly into deep hypoxia. Hypoxia did not affect the frequency of their electric organ discharges. Our results show that A. albifrons is able to sense hypoxia at non-lethal levels and uses active avoidance to mitigate its adverse effects.

Analysis of Factor Variance: The General Linear Case

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1337-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R. Pinneau ◽  
Bryce C. Schurr ◽  
Donald C. Butler ◽  
Anson J. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Linear Case ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Multiple Response ◽  
Multiple Covariates ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
Multiple Treatments

The method of analysis of factor variance, as previously proposed by the authors, has been extended to incorporate experimental designs which include multiple treatments in addition to multiple covariates and multiple response measures.

Failure to Find Improved Shuttle-Box Avoidance Performance Using d-Amphetamine Sulfate

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Powell ◽  
Louis K. Martin ◽  
Dennis K. Kamano
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Performance ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Amphetamine Sulfate

Effects of Standarized Ginseng Extract on Learning, Memory and Physical Capabilites

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.D. Petkov ◽  
A.H. Mosharrof
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Nootropic Drugs ◽  
Ginseng Extract ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Box Method ◽  
Improved Learning

Standardized ginseng extract (G115, Pharmaton, Lugano) was administered orally at doses of 3,10,30,100 and 300 mg/kg for 10 days as ten rats were used wtih each dose. With the "shuttle-box" method for active avoidance most pronounced effect on learning and memory was obtained by the dose of 10 mg/kg. With the "step-down" method for passive avoidance the dose of 30 mg/kg significantly improved retention. In the staircase maze training with positive (alimentary) reinforcement only the dose of 10 mg/kg significantly improved learning and memory. The dose of 100 mg/kg greatly increased the locomotor activity of mice. The results show that ginseng at appropriate doses improves learning, memory and physical capabilities. Bell-shaped dose-effect curves, reported with other nootropic drugs, were obtained.

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