Supplemental Material for Temporal Dynamics of Free Recall: The Role of Rehearsal Efficiency in Word Frequency and Bilingual Language Proficiency Effects

The study is undertaken to understand the importance of English language skills in the Indian hospitality industry, and the gaps therein. It studies the challenge as it exists in Pune city, and how AISSMS College of Hotel Management & Catering Technology has attempted to address the issue(s). The study aims at gathering primary information by means of questionnaires. It sheds light on the gap between existing and desired standards of English proficiency. It also highlights the attempts by the three important stakeholders in order to address the issue. Though, attempts are made from the industry, teachers and students, it is recognized that joint efforts need to be made to tackle the problem collectively and from all sides. It is an urgent calling for innovative teaching learning practices and encouraging sound develop initiatives and commitment. The primary data is across the cross section of Pune hoteliers, teachers and students of the college. The findings reflect the importance of English as the universal medium of communication, and its importance in rendering quality service and importantly.

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Role of knowledge of formulaic sequences in language proficiency: significance and ideal method of instruction

Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education ◽

10.1186/s40862-018-0050-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vahid Rafieyan

Keyword(s):

Language Proficiency ◽

Formulaic Sequences ◽

Method Of Instruction ◽

Ideal Method

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Missed Opportunity: How Induction Policy Fails to Explicitly Address English Learner-Classified Students

Journal of Teacher Education ◽

10.1177/00224871211000071 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002248712110000

Author(s):

Lucrecia Santibañez ◽

Christine Snyder ◽

Danielle Centeno

Keyword(s):

Teacher Induction ◽

Language Proficiency ◽

Teaching Skills ◽

English Learner ◽

Knowledge And Skills ◽

Teaching Knowledge ◽

Classified Students ◽

Specific Teaching ◽

Missed Opportunity

English Learner-classified (ELC) students are one of the nation’s most marginalized student populations. One promising but understudied strategy to strengthen teaching of ELC students is teacher induction. This article examines the role of teacher induction in strengthening novice teachers’ EL-specific teaching knowledge and skills. Through a detailed analysis of induction in California, we find that the state has little external assurance that teachers who have undergone induction can meet ELC students’ unique and diverse needs. California’s decentralized, flexible, teacher-led induction may support teachers’ development of general teaching skills, but misses an opportunity to support teachers in an area where many of them struggle. The study raises other problematic issues around mentoring for equity such as monolithic views of ELC students, lack of timely and actionable information about language proficiency, and lack of guidance as to what constitutes acceptable evidence of competency teaching ELC students.

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Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-21248-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhong Li ◽

Jin-Xing Wei ◽

Guang-Wei Zhang ◽

Junxiang J. Huang ◽

Brian Zingg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Role ◽

Neural Circuits ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Defense Behavior ◽

Innate Defense ◽

Sensory Inputs ◽

Corticostriatal Projections ◽

Behavioral Transition ◽

Auditory Looming

AbstractAnimals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.

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