Earth Satellite Observations and the Upper Atmosphere: Temperature Inversion in the FI-Layer

Nature ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 188 (4746) ◽  
pp. 200-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. PRIESTER ◽  
H. A. MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Earth Satellite ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature

Earth Satellite Observations and the Upper Atmosphere: Diurnal and Seasonal Density Variations in the Upper Atmosphere

Nature ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 188 (4746) ◽  
pp. 202-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. PRIESTER ◽  
H. A. MARTIN ◽  
K. KRAMP
Keyword(s):  
Earth Satellite ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Upper Atmosphere

Impact of photochemical hazes on the thermal structure of exoplanet atmospheres

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayotis Lavvas ◽  
Anthony Arfaux
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

<p>Transit observations reveal that a significant population of the detected exoplanets has hazy atmospheres (Sing et al. 2016). Although the relative contribution of clouds and photochemical aerosols is not yet fully clarified, the impact of haze particles on the thermal structure could be significant, as such particles can efficiently scatter and absorb radiation over a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Particularly, photochemical aerosols are anticipated to be present at pressures lower than those of cloud formation. The transit observations of HD 189733 b indicate that the haze opacity responsible for the UV-Visible slope is located at pressures between 1μbar and 1 mbar. As such low pressures, the presence of hazes could allow for strong temperature inversions due to the low atmospheric density. We investigate here the implications of such hazes on the exoplanet atmospheric thermal structure.</p> <p>We simulate the atmospheric thermal structure using a 1D radiative-convective model. The model utilizes non-equilibrium chemical composition results (Lavvas et al. 2014) for the gas phase composition, and haze particle size distributions calculated from an aerosol microphysical growth model (Lavvas & Koskinen 2017, Lavvas et al. 2019). We do not yet consider the non-LTE effects for the gases, but we do take into account the impact of temperature disequilibrium between the particles and the gas envelope that can strongly affect the heating efficiency of the particles. We consider various gas phase opacities from atomic and molecular contributions calculated through correlated-k coefficients.</p> <p>Our results demonstrate that in the lower atmosphere the simulated temperature profiles provide emission spectra that are in good agreement with the eclipse observations for the simulated targets (HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b). In the upper atmosphere of the hazy HD 189733 b the simulated haze distribution, which fits the transit observations, results in a strong temperature inversion. On the contrary, the upper atmosphere of the clear HD 209458 b, is significantly colder compared to previous evaluations based on equilibrium chemistry assumption. The implications of these results on the chemical composition will be discussed, as well as results from other exoplanet cases.</p> <p> </p>

Rocket Instrumentation for Reliable Upper-Atmosphere Temperature Determination

1954 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1104-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Spencer ◽  
H. Schulte ◽  
H. Sicinski
Keyword(s):  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Temperature Determination ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature

Solar cycle variation of the upper atmosphere temperature of Mars

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Bauer ◽  
M. H. Hantsch
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Solar Cycle Variation ◽  
Cycle Variation ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature

scholarly journals Spectrum and atmosphere models of irradiated transiting giant planets

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (S253) ◽  
pp. 239-245
Author(s):  
Ivan Hubeny ◽  
Adam Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Planetary Orbit ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Thermal Inversion ◽  
Transiting Planets ◽  
Night Flux ◽  
Temperature Inversions

AbstractWe show that a consistent fit to observed secondary eclipse data for several strongly irradiated transiting planets demands a temperature inversion (stratosphere) at altitude. Such a thermal inversion significantly influences the planet/star contrast ratios at the secondary eclipse, their wavelength dependences, and, importantly, the day-night flux contrast during a planetary orbit. The presence of the thermal inversion/stratosphere seems to roughly correlate with the stellar flux at the planet. Such temperature inversions might be caused by an upper-atmosphere absorber whose exact nature is still uncertain.

Earth-satellite observations reveal cloud-droplet evolution

SPIE Newsroom ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Y. Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Earth Satellite ◽  
Satellite Observations

Space Weather

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna D. Haigh ◽  
Peter Cargill
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Solar Corona ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Interplanetary Medium ◽  
Earth Satellite ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth

This chapter focuses on the link between Sun and Earth generically known as space weather. This link is referred to as the occurrence in the solar corona of energetic phenomenon such as flares and coronal mass ejections which can have a major impact on the Earth's space environment. There were other discoveries in subsequent years, but the 1950s and 1960s brought major advances in the understanding of the connection between the Sun and the Earth. Satellite observations confirmed the existence of the solar wind, so that the nature of the interplanetary medium was identified and measured. Such continuous monitoring of the Sun and solar wind has, in turn, led to methods for predicting deleterious space weather.

Atmosphere, Temperature Inversion

2015 ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Lisa Kaltenegger
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature
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