ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansis an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Recently, we reported that Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is involved in host defense againstC. neoformans: specifically, it detects the pathogen's DNA. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying TLR9-mediated activation of innate immune responses by using theURA5gene, which encodes a virulent component of this fungal pathogen. A PCR-amplified 345-bpURA5gene fragment induced interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12p40) production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) in a TLR9-dependent manner. Similar activity was detected in the 5′ 129-bp DNA fragment ofURA5and in a synthesized oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) with the same sequence. Shorter ODN fragments, which contained GTCGGT or GACGAT but had only 24 or 21 bases, induced IL-12p40 production and CD40 expression by BM-DCs, but this activity vanished when the CG sequence was replaced by GC or when a phosphorothioate modification was introduced. IL-12p40 production caused by active ODN was strikingly enhanced by treatment with DOTAP, a cationic lipid that increases the uptake of DNA by BM-DCs, though DOTAP failed to induce IL-12p40 production by inactive ODN and did not affect the activity of an ODN-containing canonical CpG motif. There was no apparent difference in intracellular trafficking between active and inactive ODNs. Finally, an extremely high dose of inactive ODN suppressed IL-12p40 production by BM-DCs that had been stimulated with active ODN. These results suggest that theC. neoformansURA5gene activates BM-DCs through a TLR9-mediated signaling pathway, using a mechanism possibly independent of the canonical CpG motif.
Publisher Correction: Phosphodiester backbone of the CpG motif within immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides augments activation of Toll-like receptor 9
