Chapter 10. Developing a Predictable Regulatory Path for Nanomedicines by Accurate and Objective Particle Measurement

AbstractCalculation procedures are developed and results shown for the exact calculation of extinction and meteorological visual range using the blowing-snow mass in the atmosphere and particle radius. Results of the calculations show: (1) For monochromatic radiation, geometrical optics approximations of the extinction efficiency are found to provide results of only moderate accuracy in calculating the extinction of radiation by a single particle. (2) For broad-band radiation, the geometrical optics approximation is sufficiently accurate for many single-particle measurement instruments and applications, except in the infra-red band where Mie theory should be used. (3) For typical blowing-snow particle-size distributions, the shape parameter of the distribution of particle radii and the mean particle radius are very important in broad-band extinction and visual-range modelling. Estimates of blowing-snow quantities from broad-band extinction measurements or visual range from blowing-snow quantities should address the shape and mean value of the snow-particle radius distribution.

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Simultaneous high- and low-latitude reconnection: ESR and DMSP observations

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-20-1311-2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 1311-1320 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

F. Pitout ◽

P. T. Newell ◽

S. C. Buchert

Keyword(s):

High Latitude ◽

Time Interval ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Polar Ionosphere ◽

Plasma Convection ◽

Low Latitude ◽

Svalbard Archipelago ◽

Cusp Region ◽

Ionosphere Plasma ◽

Particle Measurement

Abstract. We present EISCAT Svalbard Radar and DMSP observations of a double cusp during an interval of predominantly northward IMF on 26 November 2000. In the cusp region, the ESR dish, pointing northward, recorded sun-ward ionospheric flow at high latitudes (above 82° GL), indicating reconnection occuring in the magnetospheric lobe. Meanwhile, the same dish also recorded bursts of poleward flow, indicative of bursty reconnection at the subsolar magnetopause. Within this time interval, the DMSP F13 satellite passed in the close vicinity of the Svalbard archipelago. The particle measurement on board exhibited a double cusp structure in which two oppositely oriented ion dispersions are recorded. We interpret this set of data in terms of simultaneous merging at low- and high-latitude magnetopause. We discuss the conditions for which such simultaneous high-latitude and low-latitude reconnection can be anticipated. We also discuss the consequences of the presence of two X-lines in the dayside polar ionosphere.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (solar wind-magnetosphere interactions) – Ionosphere (polar ionosphere; plasma convection)

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