A Preliminary Investigation of Generalization to Untrained Words Following Two Treatments of Children's Word-Finding Problems

1990 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara S. Wing
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Retrieval Process ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Multistage Model ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Semantic Associations ◽  
Semantic Treatment

An experiment with two groups of 6-year-old language-impaired children contrasted the effects of two treatment programs on generalization to untrained words in a picture naming task. A more traditional treatment focused on semantic associations and organization of the semantic store, and a newer treatment focused on the phonological and perceptual components of the retrieval process and involved practice in segmenting words and manipulating word segments as well as training in forming and holding visual and auditory images. Subjects receiving the phonological and perceptual treatment improved significantly in naming untrained pictures, but the semantic treatment group made no significant improvement. The design of the experiment and the results are related to Wolfs multistage model of the retrieval process. Because the results involved generalization to untrained words, they suggest that the perceptual and phonological processes described in Wolfs model may have been improved by the imagery and segmentation treatment.

Picture Naming in Language-Impaired Children

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard ◽  
Marilyn A. Nippold ◽  
Robert Kail ◽  
Catherine A. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Naming Time ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Impaired Children

A picture-naming task was used to examine word-finding problems in language-impaired children. The subjects included 20 language-impaired children, 20 normal children matched to the language-impaired children for chronological age, and 20 normal children matched to the language-impaired children on a composite index of language age. Children were shown 64 pictures of objects and asked to name each as rapidly as possible. The principal findings were that (a) pictures of objects with more frequently occurring names were named more rapidly than pictures of objects with less frequently occurring names; (b) language-impaired children named pictures less rapidly than their chronological-age peers but more rapidly than their language-age peers; and (c) the effects of frequency of occurrence on naming time were comparable for all three groups of children. Factors that may have accounted for the findings are discussed.

Familial Transmission of Speech and Language Impairment: A Preliminary Investigation

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Beitchman ◽  
Jane Hood ◽  
Alison Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Familial Transmission ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Normal Language ◽  
Speech And Language Disorders

The familial transmission of speech and language disorders was investigated using a community sample of five year old children with speech and/or language impairment and a control group with normal language skills. The results indicated a significantly higher prevalence rate of language-related problems in families of speech and language impaired children than in normal language controls. Girls with speech/language impairments had more affected relatives than boys, suggesting that girls with this type of family history are at a greater risk of developing speech or language related problems. The pattern of transmission of speech and language disorders was also compared with published reports of the family histories of stuttering and reading disabilities, and with reports of cognitive and linguistic deficits among families of autistic individuals. The findings are discussed in relation to the theory of an underlying neurolinguistic diathesis common to these various disabilities.

scholarly journals An exploration of lexical selection in adults who stutter

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Amanda S. Lee ◽  
Greg A. O’Beirne ◽  
Michael P. Robb
Keyword(s):  
Response Latency ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Regression Modelling ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Confrontation Naming

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: People who stutter (PWS) are able to anticipate a moment of stuttering. We wished to explore whether this anticipation might be reflected by either unusual word choice and/or delayed word production during a single-word confrontation naming task. METHOD: Nine PWS and nine age- and sex-matched fluent controls completed the single-word confrontation-naming task. Groups were compared on numbers of word-finding and fluency errors, response latency, and naming accuracy, measured against a novel ‘usuality’ criterion. Regression modelling of response accuracy and latency was conducted. RESULTS: The groups did not differ on naming task performance, except for a greater frequency of response latency errors in the PWS group. For both groups, responses containing word-finding or fluency errors were more likely to be non-usual names, and these were associated with longer latencies than accurate responses. For PWS, latency was positively related to participant age, and accuracy inversely related to stuttering severity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide insights into word substitution as a generalized behaviour, its function, and associated time-cost. Group-specific relationships imply greater sensitivity in PWS to changing demands and capacities, and highlight the complexity of interactions between physical stuttering behaviour and verbal avoidance.

Dealing With Shame – the ‘psychopathic Way’: Preliminary Investigation for a New Developmental Framework of Psychopathic Traits

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S465-S465 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Velotti ◽  
M. D’aguanno ◽  
C. Garofalo ◽  
G. Rogier
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Competing Interest

Although individuals with psychopathic traits are deemed as immune to emotional experiences, in recent year, some authors have advanced the hypothesis that a pervasive pattern of emotion dysregulation may characterize the developmental trajectories leading to a psychopathic personality structure. Shame has been proposed as crucial emotions to understand psychopathy. It has been argued that people, who often experience shame feelings during their childhood, may develop adaptive strategies to cope with them, which lead to maladaptive strategies to regulate shame feelings in adulthood. These maladaptive strategies may explain the increased likelihood for these individuals to violence when feeling ashamed. Whether these mechanisms may also explain the presence of high psychopathic traits remains a clinically valid theoretical hypothesis, which lacks empirical support.ObjectiveTo investigate whether maladaptive strategies to cope with shame feelings were associated with psychopathic traits.AimsTo examine the association between four maladaptive shame coping were positively related with psychopathic traits.MethodsA sample of male offenders incarcerated in Italian jails completed the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (Paulhus et al., 2015) and the Compass of Shame Scale (Elison et al., 2006).ResultsAs hypothesized, maladaptive shame regulation strategies did predict psychopathic traits in the offender sample examined. Specifically, significant and meaningful associations occurred between avoidance and attack other coping styles and psychopathic traits.ConclusionsThe present study is among the first in providing evidence of a possible relationship between maladaptive strategies to cope with shame feelings and psychopathic traits, and such link can be informative to tailor treatment programs for these hard-to-treat patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Facilitating Word-Finding Skills of Language-Impaired Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla K. McGregor ◽  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Regimen ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Impaired Children

Two language-impaired children and their controls participated in a preliminary study designed to examine the effects of treatment on word-finding skills. The 2 children participated in activities designed to improve the elaboration and/or retrieval of the training words, whereas their controls received a therapeutic regimen that did not target word-finding skills. Treatment effects were apparent, with the greatest gains associated with activities focusing on both elaboration and retrieval. Although the findings were promising, several procedural details complicated interpretation of the data.

scholarly journals Optionality and locality: Evidence from Navajo sibilant harmony

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Harper Berkson
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
First Person ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Acoustic Data ◽  
Consonant Harmony ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Non Local

AbstractWhile many phonological processes are local, consonant harmony is of interest phonologically because it can occur non-locally. Sibilant harmony in Navajo requires that sibilants within a word have matching anteriority specifications. The process is described as being sometimes mandatory and sometimes optional, but neither the statistical nature of the occurrence in optional settings nor the factors contributing to the optionality are fully understood. This paper provides preliminary investigation into these issues using the first person possessive morpheme, which is underlyingly /ʃi-/ but may harmonize to [si-]. Experiment 1, an online grammaticality judgment survey, reveals that the harmonized prefix is dispreferred in all environments. Experiment 2 presents acoustic data from three Navajo speakers: though none harmonize overtly, the spectral mean and lower bound of frication energy of the prefixal fricative are affected by the presence of [+anterior] sibilants in noun stems. The overall implication of these findings is that harmony is not only optional but is dispreferred or wholly absent for some speakers. While multiple factors are investigated, the only one that consistently affects harmony is adjacency of the trigger and target, indicating that, although consonant harmony may indeed be a non-local process, its occurrence is heavily mediated by distance.

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