semantic associations
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2022 ◽  
pp. 580-606
Author(s):  
Tianxing Wu ◽  
Guilin Qi ◽  
Bin Luo ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Haofen Wang

Extracting knowledge from Wikipedia has attracted much attention in recent ten years. One of the most valuable kinds of knowledge is type information, which refers to the axioms stating that an instance is of a certain type. Current approaches for inferring the types of instances from Wikipedia mainly rely on some language-specific rules. Since these rules cannot catch the semantic associations between instances and classes (i.e. candidate types), it may lead to mistakes and omissions in the process of type inference. The authors propose a new approach leveraging attributes to perform language-independent type inference of the instances from Wikipedia. The proposed approach is applied to the whole English and Chinese Wikipedia, which results in the first version of MulType (Multilingual Type Information), a knowledge base describing the types of instances from multilingual Wikipedia. Experimental results show that not only the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art comparison methods, but also MulType contains lots of new and high-quality type information.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne deFremery

This essay suggests the etymologies of emergence, emergency, and crisis create a useful framework for theorizing documents. Indeed, the overlapping semantic associations of the words allow for the idea that documents emerge in crisis. The semantic overlap also allows a means for theorizing how documents descend into crisis. Theorizing documents in crisis, the essay argues, usefully complements documentalist theories of documentary representation suggested by thinkers like Paul Otlet and Suzanne Briet, as well newer conceptualizations of documentality as conceived by Michael Buckland and Maurizio Ferraris and documentarity as described by Ronald Day.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Kvasova ◽  
Travis Stewart ◽  
Salvador Soto-Faraco

In real-world scenes, the different objects and events available to our senses are interconnected within a rich web of semantic associations. These semantic links help parse information and make sense of the environment. For example, during goal-directed attention, characteristic everyday life object sounds help speed up visual search for these objects in natural and dynamic environments. However, it is not known whether semantic correspondences also play a role under spontaneous observation. Here, we investigated this question addressing whether crossmodal semantic congruence can drive spontaneous, overt visual attention in free-viewing conditions. We used eye-tracking whilst participants (N=45) viewed video clips of realistic complex scenes presented alongside sounds of varying semantic congruency with objects within the videos. We found that characteristic sounds increased the probability of looking, the number of fixations, and the total dwell time on the semantically corresponding visual objects, in comparison to when the same scenes were presented with semantically neutral sounds or just with background noise only. Our results suggest that crossmodal semantic congruence has an impact on spontaneous gaze and eye movements, and therefore on how attention samples information in a free viewing paradigm. Our findings extend beyond known effects of object-based crossmodal interactions with simple stimuli and shed new light upon how audio-visual semantically congruent relationships play out in everyday life scenarios.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Murray ◽  
Maisy Tarlow ◽  
Jesse Rissman ◽  
Ladan Shams

Associating names to faces can be challenging, but it is an important task that we engage in throughout our lives. An interesting feature of this task is the lack of an inherent, semantic relationship between a face and name. Previous scientific research, as well as common lay theories, offer strategies that can aid in this task (e.g., mnemonics, semantic associations). However, these strategies are either impractical (e.g., spaced repetition) or cumbersome (e.g., mnemonics). The current study seeks to understand whether bolstering names with cross-modal cues—specifically, name tags—may aid memory for face and name pairings. In a series of five experiments, we investigated whether the presentation of congruent auditory (vocal) and written names at encoding might benefit subsequent cued recall and recognition memory tasks. The first experiment consisted of short video clips of individuals verbally introducing themselves (auditory cue), presented with or without a name tag (visual cue). The results showed that participants, cued with a picture of a face, were more likely to recall the associated name when those names were encoded with a name tag (i.e. a congruent visual cue) compared to when no supporting cross-modal cue was available. Subsequent experiments probed the underlying mechanism for this facilitation of memory. The findings were consistent with a benefit of multisensory encoding, above and beyond any effect from the availability of multiple independent unisensory traces. Overall, these results extend previous findings of a benefit of multisensory encoding in learning and memory, to a naturalistic associative memory task.


2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110648
Author(s):  
Hanane Ramzaoui ◽  
Sylvane Faure ◽  
Sara Spotorno

Visual search is a crucial, everyday activity that declines with aging. Here, referring to the environmental support account, we hypothesized that semantic contextual associations between the target and the neighboring objects (e.g., a teacup near a tea bag and a spoon), acting as external cues, may counteract this decline. Moreover, when searching for a target, viewers may encode information about the co-present distractor objects, by simply looking at them. In everyday life, where viewers often search for several targets within the same environment, such distractor objects may often become targets of future searches. Thus, we examined whether incidentally fixating a target during previous trials, when it was a distractor, may also modulate the impact of aging on search performance. We used everyday object arrays on tables in a real room, where healthy young and older adults had to search sequentially for multiple objects across different trials within the same array. We showed that search was quicker: (1) in young than older adults, (2) for targets surrounded by semantically associated objects than unassociated objects, but only in older adults, and (3) for incidentally fixated targets than for targets that were not fixated when they were distractors, with no differences between young and older adults. These results suggest that older viewers use both environmental support based on object semantic associations and object information incidentally encoded to enhance efficiency of real-world search, even in relatively simple environments. This reduces, but does not eliminate, search decline related to aging.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enguang Zuo ◽  
Alimjan Aysa ◽  
Mahpirat Muhammat ◽  
Yuxia Zhao ◽  
Kurban Ubul

AbstractCross-domain sentiment classification could be attributed to two steps. The first step is used to extract the text representation, and the other is to reduce domain discrepancy. Existing methods mostly focus on learning the domain-invariant information, rarely consider using the domain-specific semantic information, which could help cross-domain sentiment classification; traditional adversarial-based models merely focus on aligning the global distribution ignore maximizing the class-specific decision boundaries. To solve these problems, we propose a context-aware semantic adaptation (CASA) network for cross-domain implicit sentiment classification (ISC). CASA can provide more semantic relationships and an accurate understanding of the emotion-changing process for ISC tasks lacking explicit emotion words. (1) To obtain inter- and intrasentence semantic associations, our model builds a context-aware heterogeneous graph (CAHG), which can aggregate the intrasentence dependency information and the intersentence node interaction information, followed by an attention mechanism that remains high-level domain-specific features. (2) Moreover, we conduct a new multigrain discriminator (MGD) to effectively reduce the interdomain distribution discrepancy and improve intradomain class discrimination. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of different modules compared with existing models on the Chinese implicit emotion dataset and four public explicit datasets.


Author(s):  
N. M. Khrustyk

The article is devoted of the question of studying the derivation of informal names (nicknames, call signs) by phonetic and semantic associations. The author proves of this problem being adequate, actual and perspective. The associativity as a means of wordformation in onomastics of different years outlined and defineed in works by O. Verbovetska, N. Brener, Y. Karaulov, M. Khudash, O. Nakhimova, N. Fedotova and other. N. Khrustyk studied the associativity as the associative way word-building in derivatology. The purpose of our research is to study the derivation of nicknames and call signs by associativity as a means of word-formation. The object of the research is the ways wordbuilding. The subject of our research is the associativity as a means for the formation of the nicknames and call signs of the Ukrainian language. To teach the aim we should solve such problems: to study a mechanism for the production of the nicknames, call signs by a means of associativity; to define way of word-building of this derivatives. Metodology. The empirical method, the observation of language material, the descriptive method, the method of derivational analysis are used. Findling. The research results show, that the associative way word-building is the method for the formation onyms (nicknames, call signs) by phonetic and semantic associations. The article specifies the specifics of the mechanism for the derivation of the nicknames, call signs by a means of associativity. Practical value. The metodology, derivational analysis, elaborated classifications of the ways word-building of informal names (nicknames, call signs) in this article can be used in the process of writting textbooks in word-formation of the Ukrainian language at a high school. Results. The associative way word-building is proved an existence in derivatology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2209
Author(s):  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Rafi Haque ◽  
Allan Levey ◽  
Kareem Zaghloul ◽  
Chris Baker

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okamoto Masahiro ◽  
Satoshi Eifuku

It is well known that people spontaneously infer traits when they observe behavior (spontaneous trait inference, STI). In order to make such inferences fast and efficient, our knowledge about others should be well organized. Along this line of thinking, it is suitable that our social knowledge is modeled as semantic networks in which traits are placed in the position of central nodes and linked to multiple behaviors on the basis of semantic associations. From the point of view of the semantic network models, researchers have examined their hypotheses by using cognitive memory tasks. For those tasks, researchers have to select a limited number of behavior-descriptive words/phrases as stimuli since there are vast amounts of behavior patterns in real life. There are, however, few methodological principles that adequately guide the sampling and selecting the stimuli and evaluating the semantic associations. In this setting, it seems required that words/phrases should be quantitatively sampled and selected and that the semantic associations should be objectively evaluated. A suitable approach for this purpose is the correlational analyses of free responses. In the present research, we provide evidence for the usefulness of the correlational analysis of free responses. First, we extracted behavior-descriptive words (verbs) that would exemplify trait concepts by using correspondence analysis, one of the correlational analyses (Study 1). Then, we examine the semantic associations between the extracted verbs with psychological experiments (Studies 2, 3). As a result, we found that the research participants identified the extracted verbs for specific traits, suggesting that the correlational approach is useful to reveal the organization of social knowledge. Finally, we discuss the limitations and issues of the correlational approach.


2021 ◽  
pp. 557-564
Author(s):  
Javier Sevilla Salcedo ◽  
M. A. Quispe-Flores ◽  
Sara Carrasco-Martínez ◽  
Jaime González-Jiménez ◽  
José Carlos Castillo ◽  
...  

During a human-robot interaction by dialogue/voice, the robot cannot extract semantic meaning from the words used, limiting the intervention itself. Semantic knowledge could be a solution by structuring information according to its meaning and its semantic associations. Applied to social robotics, it could lead to a natural and fluid human-robot interaction. Ontologies are useful representations of semantic knowledge, as they capture the relationships between objects and entities. This paper presents new ideas for ontology generation using already generated ontologies as feedback in an iterative way to do it dynamically. This paper also collects and describes the concepts applied in the proposed methodology and discusses the challenges to be overcome.


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