Effects of carbon dioxide, acetone and 1-octen-3-ol on the flight responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in a wind tunnel

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN SCHOFIELD ◽  
JOHN BRADY
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly

Responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), to carbon dioxide and host odours. I. Activation

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Warnes ◽  
L. H. Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Human Breath ◽  
Increased Activity

AbstractLaboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide and breath odours on the flight activity of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The flies responded to an increase in carbon dioxide concentration by an increase in flight activity (measured as the number of flights or the number of take-offs). The extent of this response was dependent on the period of starvation before exposure and the level of the increase in the carbon dioxide concentration. Flies rapidly habituated or adapted to new levels of carbon dioxide. Expired human breath elicited a greater increase in flight activity than would be predicted from its carbon dioxide content, and it was shown that the increased activity was caused by breath odours acting synergistically with an increase in the carbon dioxide concentration.

Responses of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), to carbon dioxide and host odours. II. Orientation

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Warnes ◽  
L. H. Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Slow Speed ◽  
Human Breath ◽  
Observation Chamber ◽  
Acetone Vapour

AbstractExperiments were carried out in a slow speed wind tunnel and in a moving air observation chamber on anemotactic and visual responses of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). An increase in carbon dioxide concentration elicited an anemotactic response, which was enhanced by odours from expired human breath and odours from a live guineapig. Acetone vapour also elicited an anemotactic response, but acetic acid was repellent. The response to visual targets increased in proportion to the increase in flight activity induced by raising the concentration of carbon dioxide in the airstream. Cattle sebum had an arrestant effect but also elicited further searching activity.

Hemolysis of erythrocytes by the hemolytic system from the blood-feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 690-691
Author(s):  
H. J. Kirch ◽  
G. Spates ◽  
R. Droleskey ◽  
W.J. Kloft ◽  
J.R. DeLoach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Erythrocyte Lysis ◽  
Mammalian Blood ◽  
Bovine Erythrocytes ◽  
Potential Tool

Blood feeding insects have to rely on the protein content of mammalian blood to insure reproduction. A substantial quantity of protein is provided by hemoglobin present in erythrocytes. Access to hemoglobin is accomplished only via erythrocyte lysis. It has been shown that midgut homogenates from the blood feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, contain free fatty acids and it was proposed that these detergent-like compounds play a major role as hemolysins in the digestive physiology of this species. More recently sphingomyelinase activity was detected in midgut preparations of this fly, which would provide a potential tool for the enzymatic cleavage of the erythrocyte's membrane sphingomyelin. The action of specific hemolytic factors should affect the erythrocyte's morphology. The shape of bovine erythrocytes undergoing in vitro hemolysis by crude midgut homogenates from the stable fly was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. MRAMBA ◽  
A. BROCE ◽  
L. ZUREK
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
16S Rdna Pcr ◽  
Glucose Agar

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Previously, it was suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. In our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16S rDNA PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in Kansas and Florida. Two stable flies (0.2%) were positive for E. sakazakii. In addition, 411 (44%) stable flies carried bacteria-forming red colonies (presumably enterics) on a violet red bile glucose agar (mean count = 6.4 × 104 CFU per fly), and 120 (13%) stable flies carried fecal coliforms (mean count = 8.7 × 103 CFU per fly). Sequencing of 16S rDNA showed that enterics from violet red bile glucose agar were represented by several genera, including Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella. Our study shows that stable flies carry bacteria typically present in animal manure (a developmental site of stable fly larvae), which indicates that the natural reservoir of E. sakazakii is the digestive tract or manure of domestic animals. The low prevalence of E. sakazakii associated with stable flies suggests that stable flies do not play a major role as a reservoir or vector of this pathogen.

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