Pyrethroid insecticides susceptibility of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) and Stomoxys indicus Picard (Diptera: Muscidae) from cattle farms in southern Thailand

The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for the two stable fly species Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) and Stomoxys indicus Picard, through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of stable flies were collected from three study sites (Songkhla, Phattalung and Satun provinces) in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 hr and 24 hr were recorded. The S. calcitrans and S. indicus in Songkhla and Phattalung populations were moderately susceptible to pyrethroids for 24-hr mortality. Nonetheless, the Satun population of S. indicus was completely susceptible to permethrin with 100% mortality and the lowest susceptible to deltamethrin and bifenthrin. The results indicate a generally low susceptibility of stable flies to pyrethroids in the southern provinces of Thailand.

Muscidae e Calliphoridae (Diptera, Brachycera) associados à decomposição cadavérica no noroeste do Paraná

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo listar quais são os dípteros necrófagos na região noroeste do Paraná. As informações fazem parte de um projeto, aprovado no comitê de ética em pesquisa de animais, em desenvolvimento no IFPR Campus Umuarama. Durante o estudo, um cadáver de suíno com o peso aproximado de 10 kg foi utilizado como substrato, o qual foi colocado em uma gaiola com uma tela, para impedir a entrada de vertebrados necrófagos. A coleta dos insetos foi realizada por meio de uma armadilha modificada. A gaiola de metal que continha o substrato estava fixada no terreno do IFPR Campus Umuarama. Em relação aos insetos foram coletadas cinco espécies de Muscidae (Sarcopromusca pruna; Musca domestica; Hydrotaea aenescens; Sythesiomyia nudiseta e Stomoxys calcitrans) e seis espécies de Calliphoridae (Cochliomyia macellaria; Chrysomya albiceps; Chrysomya megacephala; Lucilia eximia; Lucilia cuprina e Hemilucilia segmentaria). Os espécimes de Stomoxys calcitrans podem ter sido coletados devido à presença de gado de corte próximo ao local. O processo de decomposição se completou em seis dias, o que pode ser devido aos altos índices de temperatura e baixos índices de umidade observados no local. Nesse período foram observados quatro estágios: fresco; enfisematoso; coliquativo e esqueletização. Estes dados são importantes para a construção de um banco de dados de espécies de importância forense.

Ectoparasite Infestation on Beef Cattle (Bos Indicus) in Kendit Sub-District, Situbondo District

The purpose of this study was to determine the type and percentage of ectoparasites attacking the cattle cow in the Kendit Sub-District, Situbondo District. The research was conducted from July to September 2020 with 100 samples of cow taken. The identification of ectoparasites was carried out at The Laboratory of the Animal Health Center of Situbondo Regency. This study was survey with a cross-sectional design. This study found several ectoparasites of the type of flies that infested the cattle cow: Musca domestica 29.20%, Haematobia irritans 58.96%, Stomoxys calcitrans 2.82%, Tabanus rubidus 0.42%, Tabanus megalops 0.56%, Hippobosca maculata 0.14%. In addition, this study also found ectoparasites of fleas that attacked the cattle cow, among others Bovicola bovis 2.12%, and Haematopinus eurysternus 5.78%. In this study, the dominant type of fly ectoparasite was Haematobia irritans 58.96% and the dominant ectoparasite from flea was Haematopinus eurysternus 5.78%. The suggestions for this research were this research should be continued with a longer time, the fishing method must be more varied because the more fishing methods used, the higher diversity results and it is advisable to maintain cage sanitation, improve maintenance management, and the cleanliness of cattle sheds surroundings to maintain cattle condition.

Distribution of Fly Pests in a Farm in Plateau State, Nigeria

An evaluation of fly pests of cattle was conducted in Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology (FCAH&PT) Farm, Chaha Village, Jos South Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria between August and October, 2020. Samples were collected from the farm weekly for three months. A total of nine hundred and nineteen (919) adult dipterous flies comprising fifteen species in eight genera across the three sub-orders were caught and identified using aerial sweeping hand net, light trapping and aerial insecticide spray. Phlebotomus papaltasi (44.18%) was the most prevalent while Simulium damnosum (0.22%) was the least. Others were Musca domestica (17.73%), Stomoxys calcitrans (11.43%), Culicoides species (10.99%), Musca autumnalis (10.23%), mosquitoes – Anopheles gambiae/Culex quequinfasciatus (4.89%) and Tabanus species (0.33%). The haematophagous flies (72.04%) out-numbered the non-haematophagous flies (27.96%) and the number of females collected/caught 780 (84.87%) were higher than the males 139 (15.13%). The highest collections were made in October (353 representing 38.41%) while September had the lowest (263 /28.62%). The study established the presence of fly pests in the farm and recommends that appropriate control measures should be put in place to forestall any disease outbreak.

Ecology of zoophilic flies in livestock biocenoses of Ukraine

In modern animal husbandry of Ukraine, there are still some unresolved issues related to the high number of zoophilic flies in the territories of facilities and the spread of animal infectious and parasitic diseases. A detailed study of bioecological peculiarities of the dominant zoophilic fly species contributes to improving the effectiveness of measures to control ectoparasites. 27 zoophilic fly species have been found in animal breeding complexes. The maximum number of parasitic Diptera species was recorded on cattle-keeping premises. The biological properties of Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius, 1781) (size, shape, colour, duration of preimaginal phase development) were studied. Also, we studied the dynamics of the number and daily activity of dominant fly species (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758, M. autumnalis De Geer, 1776, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758)). When studying the intraspecies competition, a high-degree survival of M. domestica and M. autumnalis was determined in the conditions of critical nutritional deficiency (0.5 g of nutrient medium per larva) and increased density of individuals (the imago emergence was 38.6% and 34.0%, respectively). In similar maintenance conditions, the emergence of N. cornicina imago was low (14.6%). With a two-fold increase in the insectarium volume and in the amount of nutrient medium (1 g per larva), the imago emergence of M. domestica, M. autumnalis and N. cornicina increased to 64.0%, 39.2%, and 24.0%, respectively. With an even greater increase in the amount of nutrient medium (2 g per larva), the maximum emergence of imagoes of all the studied fly species was observed (M. domestica, M. autumnalis, and N. cornicina: 96.6%, 91.2% and 72.6%, respectively). In the conditions of interspecific competition, M. autumnalis suppressed N. cornicina even in conditions of a sufficient amount of nutrient substrate. In the competition between M. domestica and M. autumnalis, house fly dominated. Increasing the nutrient medium volume narrowed the gap between the competing species.

Water immersion tolerance by larval instars of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, L1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) impairs the fitness performance of their subsequent stages

Background In holometabolous insects, environmental factors experienced in pre-imaginal life stages affect the life-history traits within that stage and can also influence subsequent life stages. Here, I assessed tolerance to water immersion by the larval instars of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and its impact on the life-history traits of their subsequent life stages. Results After submerging the three larval instars of S. calcitrans in distilled water, I found that the first instar larvae remained active for longer as compared to the second and third instar larvae. Also, the first instar larvae took a longer period to recover from the stress-induced immobility when removed from the water and returned to ambient temperature. When I followed the development of individuals of each larval instar that survived from water immersion, I found that their developmental time, weight, pupation percentage, adult emergence percentage and adult weight were negatively affected by this stressor. However, the weight of S. calcitrans adults developed from immersed first larval instar individuals was not affected by water immersion whereas their counterparts developed from immersed second and third larval instars had lower body weight. This suggests that in S. calcitrans, water immersion stress at the earlier stage is less detrimental than that experienced at late stages. Conclusion This study provides a comparative overview of the fitness consequences associated with water immersion stress during S. calcitrans larval ontogeny. The results prove that the fitness shift induced by water immersion in S. calcitrans is stage-specific. My results illustrate the importance of considering each larval instar when assessing the impact of environmental factors on holometabolous insect performance as these may be decoupled by metamorphosis.