Hemolysis of erythrocytes by the hemolytic system from the blood-feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 690-691
Author(s):  
H. J. Kirch ◽  
G. Spates ◽  
R. Droleskey ◽  
W.J. Kloft ◽  
J.R. DeLoach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Erythrocyte Lysis ◽  
Mammalian Blood ◽  
Bovine Erythrocytes ◽  
Potential Tool

Blood feeding insects have to rely on the protein content of mammalian blood to insure reproduction. A substantial quantity of protein is provided by hemoglobin present in erythrocytes. Access to hemoglobin is accomplished only via erythrocyte lysis. It has been shown that midgut homogenates from the blood feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, contain free fatty acids and it was proposed that these detergent-like compounds play a major role as hemolysins in the digestive physiology of this species. More recently sphingomyelinase activity was detected in midgut preparations of this fly, which would provide a potential tool for the enzymatic cleavage of the erythrocyte's membrane sphingomyelin. The action of specific hemolytic factors should affect the erythrocyte's morphology. The shape of bovine erythrocytes undergoing in vitro hemolysis by crude midgut homogenates from the stable fly was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Purinoceptors in blood feeding behaviour in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

1991 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANN ASCOLI-CHRISTENSEN ◽  
JAMES F. SUTCLIFFE ◽  
PAUL J. ALBERT
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly

Repellents for Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), the stable fly: techniques and a comparative laboratory assessment of butyl methylcinchoninate

1970 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Yeoman ◽  
B. C. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Exposed Area ◽  
Abdominal Skin ◽  
Inert Substrate ◽  
New Compounds

An in vitro test, based on the molasses sandwich-bait test, for mass screening of new compounds for general insect repellency is described. This is followed by a detailed account of a laboratory technique for comparing the initial potency of contact repellents for the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.).Methods for rearing S. calcitrans of standardised aggressiveness and making comparative assessments of contact repellents against this fly are described. For initial potency, a standard area of the treated close-clipped abdominal skin of mice lying outside the cage was exposed through an orifice to standardised flies. A treated 0·5-cm-wide screen was incorporated as a border round the exposed area of treated skin so that flies biting the mouse were obliged to make tarsal contact with repellent. Using this method, and the organdie bag x human hand method for determining persistence on an inert substrate, each of the following repellents was compared with butyl 3-methylcinchoninate, a new repellent for S. calcitrans:dimethylphthalate; 2-ethyl-1, 3-hexanediol; butoxypolypropylene glycol; dibutyl succinate; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide; di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate; 2,3,4,5-bis (Δ2-butenylene)-tetrahydrofurfural; 2-hydroxyethyl n-octyl sulphide and N-benzoyl piperidine.In each case butyl 3-methylcinchoninate was found to be superior. In the initial potency tests, the 50% repellency application rate was found to lie between 0·002 and 0·007 mg/cm2, while on organdie, rates of 0·2, 0·4, 0·8 mg/cm2 gave mean protection periods of 9, 19 and 34 days, respectively.

REDUCTION IN THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OÖGENESIS DUE TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE LARVAL DIET OF THE STABLE FLY, STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-804
Author(s):  
Loo-Sar Chia ◽  
James A. Baxter ◽  
Paul E. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractFemale stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), from larvae reared on the standard CSMA (Chemical Specialties Manufacturing Association) medium required 5 days of blood feeding before producing their first batch of eggs. When the larval medium was supplemented with 1 or 2% cholesterol, resultant females were able to produce mature eggs after only 4 days of blood feeding. Females from larvae reared on the 2% cholesterol-supplemented medium had slight but significant precocious follicular growth at the time of emergence from the puparium. When blood feeding was restricted, the size at which follicular growth ceased was consistently higher in females fed the cholesterol-supplemented diets as compared with control females.

Nanoemulsion Strategy for Ursolic and Oleanic Acids Isolates from Plumeria Obtusa Improves Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity in Melanoma Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. Alvarado ◽  
Ana C. Calpena ◽  
María L. Garduño-Ramírez ◽  
Raúl Ortiz ◽  
Consolación Melguizo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Melanoma Cell Line ◽  
In Vitro Proliferation ◽  
Sulforhodamine B ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Natural Mixture ◽  
Murine Melanoma Cell Line ◽  
Potential Tool

Background: Triterpenoids are an important class of natural bioactive products present in many medicinal plants. Objective: The aim of present study is to investigate the antioxidant and anticarcinogenic potential of Oleanolic Acid (OA) and Ursolic Acid (UA) on B16 murine melanoma cell line isolated from Plumeria obtusa, free and loaded in a nanoemulsion (NEm) system. Methods: The nanoemulsion was characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy. The viscosity was also evaluated. The antioxidant activity was determined by the reduction of 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. In vitro proliferation studies were determined using the sulforhodamine-B method. Results: OA/UA natural mixture exhibited high percentage of inhibition of DPPH (86.06% and 85.12%, with and without irradiation). Percentages of inhibition higher than 85% in samples with and without ultraviolet irradiation were recorded when loaded in the NEm system. The natural mixture incorporated into the NEm showed cytotoxic activity from 2.9 µM, whereas the free compounds from 17.4 µM. Conclusion: We conclude that these pentacyclic triterpenes loaded in a NEm system could be considered as a new potential tool for further investigation as anticancer agents.

scholarly journals Supplementing Blood Diet With Plant Nectar Enhances Egg Fertility in Stomoxys calcitrans

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon K. Tawich ◽  
Joel L. Bargul ◽  
Daniel Masiga ◽  
Merid N. Getahun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Fitness Value

Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) is a cosmopolitan biting fly of both medical and veterinary importance. Unlike blood-feeding-related behavior of stable fly, its plant feeding, the fitness value, and the S. calcitrans–plant interaction are less understood. Here we show based on two chloroplast DNA genes, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL) and the intergenic spacer gene trnH-psbA, that field-collected male and female stable flies fed on various plant species. We investigated the fitness cost of plant feeding using Parthenium hysterophorus, one of the plant species identified to have been fed on by the field-collected flies. Supplementation of blood feeding with a flowering P. hysterophorus plant as nectar source enhanced egg hatchability significantly as compared to blood alone, showing the fitness value of nectar supplementation. However, nectar supplementation did not affect the number of eggs laid or longevity of S. calcitrans as compared to flies that fed on blood alone. S. calcitrans maintained on sugar alone failed to lay eggs. The various plants stable flies fed on demonstrated chemodiversity with their own signature scent. The behavioral response of S. calcitrans to these signature compounds varied from strong attraction (γ-terpinene) to neutral (linalool oxide and myrcene) to repellency (butanoic acid). Our study demonstrated that stable flies feed on nectar, and plant nectar supplementation of blood feeding enhanced larval emergence. Thus, our result has implication in stable fly reproduction, survival, disease transmission, boosting laboratory colony, and the possibility of using plant-derived odors for mass trapping of stable fly, for instance, using γ-terpinene.

STUDIES OF WEIGHT CHANGES AND AMOUNT OF FOOD INGESTED BY THE STABLE FLY, STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Venkatesh ◽  
P. E. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Periodic Pattern ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Sugar Water ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe pattern of blood feeding in males of Stomoxys calcitrans L. is different from that of females. Female flies ingest more blood than males. Females fed only blood or blood and sugar-water ad libitum showed a periodic pattern of blood ingestion. The amount of blood ingested at the time of first feeding is partly dependent upon the age of the flies; in addition flies fed only blood ingest more than flies whose blood diet is supplemented with sugar-water. During the period prior to blood feeding the weight loss per day increased as the fly aged. On the other hand if the flies were fed with sugar-water from the time of emergence they gained considerable weight. The rate of weight loss after one blood meal was of the same pattern in flies fed 24 or 48 h after emergence. The pattern of weight loss was also similar in flies fed sugar-water ad libitum and blood 24 h after emergence.

scholarly journals The genome of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, reveals potential mechanisms underlying reproduction, host interactions, and novel targets for pest control

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia U. Olafson ◽  
Serap Aksoy ◽  
Geoffrey M. Attardo ◽  
Greta Buckmeier ◽  
Xiaoting Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Worldwide Distribution

Abstract Background The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a major blood-feeding pest of livestock that has near worldwide distribution, causing an annual cost of over $2 billion for control and product loss in the USA alone. Control of these flies has been limited to increased sanitary management practices and insecticide application for suppressing larval stages. Few genetic and molecular resources are available to help in developing novel methods for controlling stable flies. Results This study examines stable fly biology by utilizing a combination of high-quality genome sequencing and RNA-Seq analyses targeting multiple developmental stages and tissues. In conjunction, 1600 genes were manually curated to characterize genetic features related to stable fly reproduction, vector host interactions, host-microbe dynamics, and putative targets for control. Most notable was characterization of genes associated with reproduction and identification of expanded gene families with functional associations to vision, chemosensation, immunity, and metabolic detoxification pathways. Conclusions The combined sequencing, assembly, and curation of the male stable fly genome followed by RNA-Seq and downstream analyses provide insights necessary to understand the biology of this important pest. These resources and new data will provide the groundwork for expanding the tools available to control stable fly infestations. The close relationship of Stomoxys to other blood-feeding (horn flies and Glossina) and non-blood-feeding flies (house flies, medflies, Drosophila) will facilitate understanding of the evolutionary processes associated with development of blood feeding among the Cyclorrhapha.

scholarly journals Functional genomics of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, reveals mechanisms underlying reproduction, host interactions, and novel targets for pest control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia U. Olafson ◽  
Serap Aksoy ◽  
Geoffrey M. Attardo ◽  
Greta Buckmeier ◽  
Xiaoting Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Pathway Gene

AbstractBackgroundThe stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a major blood-feeding pest of livestock that has near worldwide distribution, causing an annual cost of over $2 billion for control and product loss in the United States alone. Control of these flies has been limited to increased sanitary management practices and insecticide application for suppressing larval stages. Few genetic and molecular resources are available to help in developing novel methods for controlling stable flies.ResultsThis study examines stable fly biology by utilizing a combination of high-quality genome sequencing, microbiome analyses, and RNA-seq analyses targeting multiple developmental stages and tissues. In conjunction, manual curation of over 1600 genes was used to examine gene content related to stable fly reproduction, interactions with their host, host-microbe dynamics, and putative routes for control. Most notable was establishment of reproduction-associated genes and identification of expanded vision, chemosensation, immune repertoire, and metabolic detoxification pathway gene families.ConclusionsThe combined sequencing, assembly, and curation of the male stable fly genome followed by RNA-seq and downstream analyses provide insights necessary to understand the biology of this important pest. These resources and knowledge will provide the groundwork for expanding the tools available to control stable fly infestations. The close relationship of Stomoxys to other blood-feeding (Glossina) and non-blood-feeding flies (medflies, Drosophila, house flies) will allow for understanding the evolution of blood feeding among Cyclorrhapha flies.

Maytansine-Induced Mitotic Arrest in Human Lymphoblasts

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
Tai-Te Chao ◽  
John Sullivan ◽  
Awtar Krishan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tubulin Polymerization ◽  
Vinca Alkaloids ◽  
Antimitotic Activity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Flow Microfluorometry ◽  
Brain Tubulin

Maytansine, a novel ansa macrolide (1), has potent anti-tumor and antimitotic activity (2, 3). It blocks cell cycle traverse in mitosis with resultant accumulation of metaphase cells (4). Inhibition of brain tubulin polymerization in vitro by maytansine has also been reported (3). The C-mitotic effect of this drug is similar to that of the well known Vinca- alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine. This study was carried out to examine the effects of maytansine on the cell cycle traverse and the fine struc- I ture of human lymphoblasts.Log-phase cultures of CCRF-CEM human lymphoblasts were exposed to maytansine concentrations from 10-6 M to 10-10 M for 18 hrs. Aliquots of cells were removed for cell cycle analysis by flow microfluorometry (FMF) (5) and also processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FMF analysis of cells treated with 10-8 M maytansine showed a reduction in the number of G1 cells and a corresponding build-up of cells with G2/M DNA content.

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