Protection of micro-grids dominated by distributed generation using solid state converters

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Redfern ◽  
H. Al-Nasseri
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Micro Grids

Digital Energy

2010 ◽  
pp. 2263-2279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Simonov ◽  
Marco Mussetta ◽  
Riccardo Zich
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Micro Grids

Since energy use is a type of consumer behavior reflecting the interests to maximize some objective function, the human being activities seen in energy terms might be used to create the social aggregations or groups. Electric energy generated from ecologic sources brings some unpredictability. Authors model the unpredictability of the distributed generation in order to create a tool for minimization. Authors propose the novel method to build real life smart micro grids in the distributed generation context characterized by zero emissions. The proposed tool becomes an instrument to create the social aggregation of users and negotiate locally the “social” energy in real time, strengthening and mastering a virtual neighborhood of the local community.

scholarly journals The Why of Adaptive Protections in Modern Electrical Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Martín Guardiola Montenegro ◽  
Eduardo Gómez Luna ◽  
Eduardo Marlés Sáenz ◽  
Jorge Armando De la Cruz Saavedra
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Electric System ◽  
Micro Grids

Electrical networks are evolving and taking on more challenges as the inclusion of renewable energy and distributed generation units increase, specially at distribution levels. Big trends of generating electricity with alternative and renewable resources has promoted the formation of distribution networks subsystems or micro grids, capable of supplying their own electric demand and to export energy to the interconnected system, if necessary. However, the effects of these generation units into the network and into the microgrid as well are many, as harmonic distortion, voltage flickers and especially in electrical protections.This paper provides an overview about implementation of renewable energy and distributed generation worldwide, as well as an introduction to microgrids concept and its main impacts and challenges into the electric systems. Finally, the main impacts of microgrid on protection equipments are presented at a distribution level, being adaptive protections one of the solutions to the dynamic changes of the electric system.

scholarly journals Simple Fabrication of Solid-State Nanopores on a Carbon Film

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Natsumi Takai ◽  
Kan Shoji ◽  
Tei Maki ◽  
Ryuji Kawano
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Dielectric Breakdown ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Carbon Membrane ◽  
Nano Fabrication ◽  
Thin Carbon ◽  
Thin Film Preparation ◽  
Micro Grids

Solid-state nanopores are widely used as a platform for stochastic nanopore sensing because they can provide better robustness, controllable pore size, and higher integrability than biological nanopores. However, the fabrication procedures, including thin film preparation and nanopore formation, require advanced micro-and nano-fabrication techniques. Here, we describe the simple fabrication of solid-state nanopores in a commercially available material: a flat thin carbon film-coated micro-grid for a transmission electron microscope (TEM). We attempted two general methods for nanopore fabrication in the carbon film. The first method was a scanning TEM (STEM) electron beam method. Nanopores were fabricated by irradiating a focused electron beam on the carbon membrane on micro-grids, resulting in the production of nanopores with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 135 nm. The second attempt was a dielectric breakdown method. In this method, nanopores were fabricated by applying a transmembrane voltage of 10 or 30 V through the carbon film on micro-grids. As a result, nanopores with pore diameters ranging from 3.7 to 1345 nm were obtained. Since these nanopores were successfully fabricated in the commercially available carbon thin film using readily available devices, we believe that these solid-state nanopores offer great utility in the field of nanopore research.

An Intelligent Sensor Framework for the Power Grid

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bora Akyol ◽  
Jereme Haack ◽  
Cody Tews ◽  
Brandon Carpenter ◽  
Anand Kulkarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Distributed Resources ◽  
Automation Systems ◽  
Micro Grids

The number of sensors connected to the electric power system is expected to grow by several orders of magnitude by 2020. However, the information networks which will transmit and analyze the resulting data are ill-equipped to handle the resulting volume with reliable real-time delivery. Without the ability to manage and use this data, deploying sensors such as phasor measurement units in the transmission system and smart meters in the distribution system will not result in the desired improvements in the power grid. The ability to exploit the massive data being generated by new sensors would allow for more efficient flow of power and increased survivability of the grid. Additionally, the power systems of today are not capable of managing two-way power flow to accommodate distributed generation capabilities due to concerns about system stability and lack of system flexibility. The research that we are performing creates a framework to add “intelligence” to the sensors and actuators being used today in the electric power system. Sensors that use our framework will be capable of sharing information through the various layers of the electric power system to enable two-way information flow to help facilitate integration of distributed resources. Several techniques are considered including use of peer-to-peer communication as well as distributed agents. Specifically, we will have software agents operating on systems with differing levels of computing power. The agents will cooperate to bring computation closer to the data. The types of computation considered are control decisions, data analysis, and demand/response. When paired with distributed autonomous controllers, the sensors form the basis of an information system that supports deployment of both micro-grids and islanding. Our efforts in the area of developing the next generation information infrastructure for sensors in the power grid form the basis of a broader strategy that enables better integration of distributed generation, distribution automation systems and decentralized control (micro-grids).

scholarly journals Optimal Coordination of DOC Relays Incorporated into a Distributed Generation-Based Micro-grid Using a Meta-Heuristic MVO Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 4115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelsalam ◽  
Diab
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Optimal Coordination ◽  
Micro Grid ◽  
Bus Networks ◽  
Micro Grids ◽  
Better Than

Distributed, generation-based micro-grids are increasingly being used in the build-up of the modern power system. However, the protection of these micro-grids has many challenges. One of the important challenges is the coordination of directional overcurrent (DOC) relays. The optimization of the coordination of DOC relays is considered a nonlinear programming problem with pre-defined constrains. In this paper, the problem of the optimal coordination of DOC relays is solved using a multi-verse optimization (MVO) algorithm which is inspired from cosmology science. The proposed algorithm is tested by applying it to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 3 bus and IEEE 9 bus networks. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm when applied to both networks. All results show that the performance of the MVO algorithm is better than PSO in terms of its reduction of both the overall operating time (OT) of DOC relays and the computational burden of the computer solving the optimization problem.

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