scholarly journals Development of innovation policy: case study of north and West African countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 07001
Author(s):  
Leandre Yedehou Dossou ◽  
Itri Hanaa
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
North African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Verification Algorithm ◽  
North African Countries

Since the work on Joseph Schumpeter’s entrepreneurial theory in the process of creative destruction, many works have been devoted to innovation. However, this previous work often approached innovation from an organizational point of view with a technical orientation. But today innovation covers all sectors of economic activity or not. In addition, we can see that this research on innovation has been more active and implemented in developed countries. On the other hand, some work; have been done in developing country, which shows a low level of innovation development. Therefore, to fill the gap in African literature, the purpose of this article is timely to develop a model of innovation policy for low-income countries in general, and for West and North African countries in particular. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to make the diagnosis at the level of African countries in terms of innovation, in order to solve problems related to the challenges of innovation on this continent. Finally, relevant recommendations ranging from the meaning of an effective implementation of the proposed innovation policy through a mechanism and a verification algorithm for a positive economic and social impact.

scholarly journals Developing nephrology services in low income countries: a case of Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis F. Furia ◽  
Jacqueline Shoo ◽  
Paschal J. Ruggajo ◽  
Kajiru Kilonzo ◽  
Gopal Basu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background The burden of kidney diseases is reported to be higher in lower- and middle-income countries as compared to developed countries, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa are reported to be most affected. Health systems in most sub-Sahara African countries have limited capacity in the form of trained and skilled health care providers, diagnostic support, equipment and policies to provide nephrology services. Several initiatives have been implemented to support establishment of these services. Methods This is a situation analysis to examine the nephrology services in Tanzania. It was conducted by interviewing key personnel in institutions providing nephrology services aiming at describing available services and international collaborators supporting nephrology services. Results Tanzania is a low-income country in Sub-Saharan Africa with a population of more than 55 million that has seen remarkable improvement in the provision of nephrology services and these include increase in the number of nephrologists to 14 in 2018 from one in 2006, increase in number of dialysis units from one unit (0.03 unit per million) before 2007 to 28 units (0.5 units per million) in 2018 and improved diagnostic services with introduction of nephropathology services. Government of Tanzania has been providing kidney transplantation services by funding referral of donor and recipients abroad and has now introduced local transplantation services in two hospitals. There have been strong international collaborators who have supported nephrology services and establishment of nephrology training in Tanzania. Conclusion Tanzania has seen remarkable achievement in provision of nephrology services and provides an interesting model to be used in supporting nephrology services in low income countries.

International support for environmental protection

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEBRA K. ISRAEL
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
National Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Per Capita

This paper uses household-level survey data from a 1989 Harris poll conducted in 12 developing and three developed countries to examine the empirical relationship between the support for paying higher taxes for environmental protection and per capita national income. Results from ordered probit estimation suggest that as per capita real gross domestic product rises, controlling for other household characteristics, the strength of the support for somewhat higher taxes for environmental protection is falling for low-income countries and rising for high-income countries. The evidence also suggests that environmental protection may be important to people in developing countries during the process of economic growth. The high level of support for environmental protection found among the lower-income African countries included in this study is one result that warrants additional research. Higher economic growth rates are also found to be associated with greater support for environmental protection.

The Problems of Economic Data in Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Jerven
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Do So

The study of economic development in African countries is facing a basic problem of lack of reliable data and statistics. These problems of economic data are best addressed under three main categories: design, capacity, and politics. The focus is on gross domestic product (GDP), but the relevance goes beyond GDP statistics because the aggregate of GDP requires economic data on all sectors of the economy, including expenditures and consumption, which gives the basis for discussing levels and trends in monetary poverty as well as having a correct count of the total population. The problem of design refers to the fact that many, if not most, of the statistical categories that are in use in international organizations disseminating statistics on social and economic affairs are categories that were designed as appropriate for developed countries. Indicators such as “unemployment” work better in a formalized labor market. The problems of design translate into problems of capacity. Because most economic transactions are not recorded in informal economies, this means that they are not reported as a rule and that therefore such recordings require a lot more resources. Many statistics that are readily available from administrative sources in higher-income countries need to be collected in more expensive surveys in low-income countries. Budgets for official services may already be constrained, and thus resources for statistical offices to collect these data are less than the resources needed to do so. Finally, politics of data matter. When statistics are based on missing data, the estimates will invariably be soft, and therefore malleable. Thus, when incentives are clearly identifiable before reporting or aggregation, the final estimates may be biased.

Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Policy Work ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Policy Guidance

Having broadly stabilized inflation over the past two decades, many policymakers in sub-Saharan Africa are now asking more of their monetary policy frameworks. They are looking to avoid policy misalignments and respond appropriately to both domestic and external shocks, including swings in fiscal policy and spikes in food and export prices. In many cases they are finding current regimes—often characterized as ‘money targeting’—lacking, with opaque and sometimes inconsistent objectives, inadequate transmission of policy to the economy, and difficulties in responding to supply shocks. At the same time, little existing research on monetary policy is targeted to low-income countries. What do we know about the empirics of monetary transmission in low-income countries? (How) Does monetary policy work in countries characterized by a huge share of food in consumption, underdeveloped financial markets, and opaque policy regimes? (How) Can we use methods largely derived in advanced countries to answer these questions? And (how) can we use the results to guide policymakers? This book draws on years of research and practice at the IMF and in central banks from the region to shed empirical and theoretical light on these questions and to provide practical tools and policy guidance. A key feature of the book is the application of dynamic general equilibrium models, suitably adapted to reflect key features of low-income countries, for the analysis of monetary policy in sub-Saharan African countries.

Infrastructure deficit and opportunities in Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Mafusire ◽  
Zuzana Brixiova ◽  
John Anyanwu ◽  
Qingwei Meng
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Private Sector Investment ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Financing Infrastructure

Private sector investment opportunities in Africa’s infrastructure are huge. Regulatory reforms across African countries are identified as critical to the realization of the expected investment flows in the infrastructure sector. However, planners and policy makers need to note that there are infrastructure deficiencies in all subsectors with low income countries (LICs) in Africa facing the greatest challenge. Inefficiencies in implementing infrastructure projects account for USD 17 billion annually and improving the capacity of African countries will help minimize these costs. In this regard, the donor community must play a greater role in African LICs while innovative financing mechanisms must be the focus in the relatively richer countries of the continent. Traditional sources of financing infrastructure development remain important but private investment is critical in closing the current gaps. Countries need to devise mechanisms to exploit opportunities and avoid pitfalls in investing in infrastructure.

scholarly journals Impact of refugee population on development: A comparative analysis for the case of host economies

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Mohamed Kouni
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between refugees and development in host economies from a macroeconomic point of view. The results obtained show that this relationship is non-linear. The empirical results demonstrate that refugees have a positive and significant direct effect in high and lower-middle-income countries. A positive and significant indirect effect of refugees through labor force and RD channels is also present in the same groups. In upper-middle-income and low-income countries, the direct effect of refugees is negative and significant. Similarly, the indirect effect of the refugee population on development through labor force channel is also negative and statistically significant. However, the indirect effect of refugees through RD channel is statistically significant only for the low-income country group.

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