A new inelastic mechanism, detwinning-induced plasticity (DIP), is proposed to model the response of NiTi SMAs to cyclic loading, based on thermodynamic considerations. DIP is incorporated into a constitutive framework for NiTi SMA. The constitutive framework also includes well established inelastic mechanisms of phase transformation,transformation-induced plasticity, residual martensite, and detwinning. The model is constructed at the single crystal scale using the framework of thermodynamics and a crystal plasticity formulation. An explicit scale-transition rule is adopted for the simulation of polycrystalline materials, allowing direct comparison of the model predictions with published experimental test data. Thermodynamic considerations result in a strong contribution of DIP for cyclic loading regimes where compressive stress occurs during part of the loading cycle. However, the contribution of DIP is negligible for cyclic loading regimes that result exclusively in tensile stress. This predicted dependence of DIP on compression, but not on tension, is strongly supported by experimental cyclic loading results. Inclusion of DIP results in improved prediction of experimentally observed NiTi SMAs behavior, including strain-controlled cyclic compression-unloading and cyclic tension-unloading tests and stress-controlled cyclic tension-compression and tension-unloading tests. During the first loading cycle the contribution of DIP is not significant in any loading regimes. However, in cases where compressive stress occurs during part of the loading cycle, DIP contributes strongly to the material response from the second cycle onwards. In strain-controlled cyclic compression-unloading tests DIP leads to a less negative peak stress and a more negative residual strain following several loading cycles. In stress- controlled tension-compression cyclic loading DIP leads to a reduction of peak and residual strains.
Residual Strains of Filter Materials Reinforced with Grid Inclusions Under Cyclic Loading