Fatigue damage is one of the most important failure mechanisms in engineering components. The excited structures are usually subjected to spike loads in the fatigue weakness area during their service lives. The nonlinear loading sequence effects due to overloads are significant in the crack propagation process. In this paper, an in-situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) testing is performed to analyse the mechanisms of nonlinear fatigue crack growth affected by the load sequence. The crack tip behaviours under constant amplitude loading cycles superimposed by tensile overload were observed. The SEM experiment results reveal that the overload effects include the transient weakened area (shear bands and micro-cracks) and the relatively long-term retardation. Additionally, the observation loading sequence influence region is larger than the theoretical value. According to these SEM testing analyses, the Willenborg is modified considering the nonlinear loading sequence effects. In this approach, the damage zone concept is introduced to account for the instantaneous acceleration. Moreover, the loading sequence effect area is defined as the whole plastic zone due to overload rather than part of it. The proposed algorithm is validated by experiment data of 350WT steel and Al 2024-T351 specimens under constant loading with overloads. Good agreements are observed.
Experimental investigation on the rail residual stress distribution and its influence on the bending fatigue resistance of rails
