Inhibition of Return without Visual Awareness

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 175-175
Author(s):  
K Watanabe ◽  
S Shimojo
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Vertical Segment ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
Eye Dominance ◽  
The Right

When a cue and a target are successively presented at the same location, reaction times to discriminate the location of the target are longer than when they are at different locations (inhibition of return: IOR). We found that visual awareness of the cue was not necessary for IOR to occur. Both eyes dichoptically viewed 9 × 9 scattered arrays of vertical or horizontal line segments. To avoid effects of eye dominance and binocular rivalry, cue displays were presented briefly (33, 50, or 200 ms). Three types of cue displays were randomised: (i) no cue: horizontal segments for the left (right) eye and vertical segments for the right (left) eye; subjects perceived scattered binocularly-combined crosses, (ii) binocular (fusible) cue: displays for both eyes had cue elements (a horizontal or vertical segment popping out among orthogonal background segments) and identical interocularly; subjects easily perceived the cue; (iii) dichoptic cue: displays for both eyes had cues at the same location, but all the segments were interocularly orthogonal. Here, because of the brief presentation that horizontal and vertical segments were just combined binocularly, and subjects could see only scattered crosses. Thus, they could not be aware of the cue, which exists at the monocular level. After the cue display disappeared, the target displays [same as the cue display in (ii), but with an independent location of the pop-out target] were presented (ISI=400, 800, or 1200 ms). Reaction time to discriminate location of the target was measured for three subjects who fixated on a fixation point. In our results, IOR took place in conditions (ii) and (iii). This suggests that localisation of the cue occurs without visual awareness, which then leads to IOR.

scholarly journals Lateralization of attention in adults with ADHD: Evidence of pseudoneglect

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Helfer ◽  
Stefanos Maltezos ◽  
Elizabeth Liddle ◽  
Jonna Kuntsi ◽  
Philip Asherson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Incentive Condition ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background. We investigated whether adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show pseudoneglect—preferential allocation of attention to the left visual field (LVF) and a resulting slowing of mean reaction times (MRTs) in the right visual field (RVF), characteristic of neurotypical (NT) individuals —and whether lateralization of attention is modulated by presentation speed and incentives. Method. Fast Task, a four-choice reaction-time task where stimuli were presented in LVF or RVF, was used to investigate differences in MRT and reaction time variability (RTV) in adults with ADHD (n = 43) and NT adults (n = 46) between a slow/no-incentive and fast/incentive condition. In the lateralization analyses, pseudoneglect was assessed based on MRT, which was calculated separately for the LVF and RVF for each condition and each study participant. Results. Adults with ADHD had overall slower MRT and increased RTV relative to NT. MRT and RTV improved under the fast/incentive condition. Both groups showed RVF-slowing with no between-group or between-conditions differences in RVF-slowing. Conclusion. Adults with ADHD exhibited pseudoneglect, a NT pattern of lateralization of attention, which was not attenuated by presentation speed and incentives.

Effect of Visual Complexity in Identification of Tachistoscopic Images

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Geheb ◽  
Keith E. Whitfield ◽  
Linda Brannon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Right Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

The present study of gender differences in hemispheric processing involved identification of tachistoscopically presented images of varying complexity. A computerized tachistoscopic program was administered to 24 men and 34 women. Time to identify contour and detailed pictures presented to the left or right cerebral hemisphere was recorded. Mean reaction time for contour pictures was significantly faster than for detailed pictures, and mean reaction time to the right hemisphere was significantly faster than that to the left hemisphere. The mean reaction time for men to identify pictures exposed to the left hemisphere was significantly slower than that for exposure to the right hemisphere for women. The mean reaction time for both men and women to identify contour pictures exposed to the right hemisphere was significantly faster than the mean time to identify detailed pictures presented to the left hemisphere. The interaction of gender, hemisphere, and complexity was also significant in that mean reaction times for men to identify detailed pictures presented to the left hemisphere were slower than the times for women to identify contour pictures presented to the right hemisphere. The results are discussed in relation to theories about hemispheres, gender, and differences in picture features.

scholarly journals Effect of Handedness and Footedness on Some Motoric Characteristics in Amateur Soccer Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Deniz Özge Yüceloğlu Keskin ◽  
Osman İmamoğlu ◽  
Menderes Kabadayı
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Time Asymmetry ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hands And Feet

The present study aims to compare the strength of right and left legs and reaction times of soccer players depending on their hand and foot preferences. The study included 92 volunteers chosen from amateur soccer players. The measurements conducted on the subjects were anthropometric characteristics, foot reaction times (sound, light) and right and left foot squat parameters. The t-test was used for statistical procedures. Among the amateur soccer players who participated in this study, it was found that 19.57% used left hand and 67.39% used right hand as preferred. Soccer players using both hands equally were found with a rate of 13.4%. In terms of foot preference, it was found that 22.83% of the participants used left foot and 43.48% of the participants used right foot as preferred. The soccer players using both feet equally was found as 33.70%. No significant difference was found between right handers and left handers in reaction time measurements when the soccer players were grouped by hand preference. When compared with left footed players (0.29 sec), only the right foot sound reaction time of right footed players was significantly shorter (0.21 sec) at p<. 05 level. Statistically significant correlation was found between soccer players’ hand and foot preference at a level of p< 0.01. Left footed players had significantly higher left leg mean squat (37.19 kg) when compared with right footed players (32.27 kg). No significant difference was found between right footed (35.36 kg) and left footed (33.98) subjects in terms of mean of right leg squat. Conclusion: According to the hand preference, the proportion of those who use equally two feet increased. Reaction times and force's squat of the dominant hands and feet were better. Training programs for soccer players planned according to individual characteristics including footedness may result in performance increase and decrease in injury as a result of reduced strength and reaction time asymmetry between legs and arms.

Laryngeal and Manual Reaction Times of Stuttering and Nonstuttering Adults

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Reich ◽  
James Till ◽  
Howard Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Vocal Fold Vibration ◽  
Vocal Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Previous Reaction

This investigation compared the reaction times of thirteen stuttering and thirteen nonstuttering adults for forefinger button pressing, nonspeeeh vocal initiation, and speech-mode vocal initiation. The stutterers and nonstutterers were matched individually for age, sex, and handedness. The reaction-time stimulus in all response conditions was the offset of a 1000-Hz pure tone. Two of the experimental conditions required button pressing with the right and left. forefingers. The remaining four responses required vocal-fold vibration. The nonspeech vocal activity consisted of inspiratory phonation and expiratory throat clearing. The speech-mode vocal activity required production of the isolated vowel//and the word/p/. The results demonstrated that stuttering and nonstuttering adults differed significantly only on tasks requiring speech phonation. These results are compared to previous reaction-time investigations and related to factors which may influence sensory-motor pathways prior to and during speech.

scholarly journals DRIVER’S REACTION TIME IN A SIMULATED, COMPLEX ROAD INCIDENT

Transport ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Stanisław Jurecki ◽  
Tomasz Lech Stańczyk ◽  
Marek Jacek Jaśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Right

This paper presents an overview of research on the behaviour of drivers in simulated accident situations. The research was carried out by the authors of this work as a part of a research N N509 549 040 funded by the National Science Centre including new accident situations. The paper presents a description of the methodology and implementation of research on a track. During the tests, the simulation concerns about an accident risk situation involving pedestrians and passenger cars intruding the road area. In contrast to earlier research carried out by the authors, the scenario included the possibility of a pedestrian ‘entering’ from behind a curtain, both from the left and from the right sides of the road. This was possible thanks to a specially developed test stand. The paper analyses the values of driver’s reaction times characteristic to driver’s impact on: acceleration control pedals, service brake and steering wheel. In addition to the determination of average reaction time values and the regression line for the test group of 30 drivers, the assessment of the frequency of drivers taking individual defensive reactions was carried out. Keywords: traffic safety; collision; road accidents; regression equation; simulation.

Effects of Certainty and Uncertainty of Stimulus-Response Correspondence on Auditory Reaction Times

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Puleo ◽  
Paul E. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Auditory Cue ◽  
Male College ◽  
Initial Tendency ◽  
The Right

Complex reaction time (RT) was measured for a task in which a discriminative auditory cue designated whether the right or left hand was to be used in responding. Facilitation of monaural RT compared to binaural RT occurred on trials in which both (1) the ear stimulated corresponded to the hand specified for response and (2) each of 20 male college students had received a prior signal signifying that stimulus-response correspondence would occur on the trial. RT was slower for monaural than binaural input when the monaural stimulus was applied to the ear contralateral to the hand designated by the tonal cue regardless of a prior signal signifying that stimulus-response noncorrespondence would occur on the trial. These slower RTs were attributed to an inability of subjects to inhibit their initial tendency to react toward the source of stimulation.

scholarly journals Eye dominance alternations in binocular rivalry do not require visual awareness

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artem Platonov ◽  
Jeroen Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Eye Dominance

scholarly journals Uncertainty in aiming movements and its association to hand function

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Priscila de Paiva Silva ◽  
Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira de Freitas ◽  
Emelli da Silva Comenalle ◽  
Sandra Regina Alouche
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Aiming Movements ◽  
Manual Tasks ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the uncertainty of target location on the planning and execution of aiming movements performed towards the ipsilateral and contralateral directions by the right and left upper limbs. In addition, the association between the performance of aiming movements and the performance of functional manual tasks was investigated. Two tasks were proposed: with prior knowledge of the movement direction (simple reaction time) or not (choice reaction time). The grip strength and manual dexterity were measured. The choice option in response (i.e. uncertainty) influenced planning of the aiming movements, but not its execution, while movements performed towards the contralateral direction were worse in execution as compared to the ipsilateral direction. Manual dexterity was significantly correlated with reaction times, while the performance during movement execution was significantly correlated with handgrip/pinch strength.

scholarly journals Crowdsourced Measurement of Reaction Times to Audiovisual Stimuli With Various Degrees of Asynchrony

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1192-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Bazilinskyy ◽  
Joost de Winter
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
The Right ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Objective: This study was designed to replicate past research concerning reaction times to audiovisual stimuli with different stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) using a large sample of crowdsourcing respondents. Background: Research has shown that reaction times are fastest when an auditory and a visual stimulus are presented simultaneously and that SOA causes an increase in reaction time, this increase being dependent on stimulus intensity. Research on audiovisual SOA has been conducted with small numbers of participants. Method: Participants ( N = 1,823) each performed 176 reaction time trials consisting of 29 SOA levels and three visual intensity levels, using CrowdFlower, with a compensation of US$0.20 per participant. Results were verified with a local Web-in-lab study ( N = 34). Results: The results replicated past research, with a V shape of mean reaction time as a function of SOA, the V shape being stronger for lower-intensity visual stimuli. The level of SOA affected mainly the right side of the reaction time distribution, whereas the fastest 5% was hardly affected. The variability of reaction times was higher for the crowdsourcing study than for the Web-in-lab study. Conclusion: Crowdsourcing is a promising medium for reaction time research that involves small temporal differences in stimulus presentation. The observed effects of SOA can be explained by an independent-channels mechanism and also by some participants not perceiving the auditory or visual stimulus, hardware variability, misinterpretation of the task instructions, or lapses in attention. Application: The obtained knowledge on the distribution of reaction times may benefit the design of warning systems.

Reaction Time of the Fingers with Responses Measured on a Typewriter Keyboard

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 863-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Hayes ◽  
Gerald Halpin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mechanical Timer ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Reaction times on each of the eight fingers were obtained for 24 skilled typists using an electric typewriter and a mechanical timer. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the mean reaction times of the eight fingers. Scheffé's multiple-comparison procedure indicated that the mean reaction time of each finger differed from that of every other finger and that the mean reaction time of the fingers on the left hand was significantly slower than the mean reaction time of fingers on the right hand. The average inter-class correlation coefficient among the fingers was .92 which indicated rank-order of reaction times to be similar across fingers.

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