Biology and development of galls induced by Lopesia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on leaves of Mimosa gemmulata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Cotrim Costa ◽  
Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro ◽  
Juliana Santos Silva ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Galling Insects ◽  
Late Growth

Analyses of gall biology and development allow determination of morphogenesis events in host-plant organs that are altered by galling insects. Currently, we assume that there is a correlation between Lopesia sp. instars and the alterations in gall tissues on Mimosa gemmulata that generate the gall shape. The development of Lopesia sp. (three larval instars, pupae and adult) correlates positively with gall growth, especially on the anticlinal axis. First-instar larvae are found in galls at the stage of induction, Instar 2 in galls at early growth and development, Instar 3 in galls at late growth and development, pupae in galls at maturation, and the adult emerges from senescent galls. At induction, the larva stimulates cell differentiation in pinnula and pinna-rachis tissues on M. gemmulata. At early growth and development stages, cell division and expansion are increased, and non-glandular trichomes assist gall closing. Homogenous parenchyma and neoformed vascular bundles characterise late growth and development. At maturation, tissues are compartmentalised and cells achieve major expansion through elongation. At senescence, galls open by the falling of trichomes, and mechanical and nutritive cells have thickened walls. The neoformed nutritive tissue nurtures the developing Lopesia sp., whose feeding behaviour influences the direction of cell elongation, predominantly periclinal, determinant for gall bivalve shape.

A so called "rudimentary gall" induced by the gall midge Physemocecis hartigi on leaves of Tilia intermedia

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Rohfritsch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Specialized Structure ◽  
Species Specific

The gall midge Physemocecis hartigi Liebel (Cecidomyiidae) induces a pustule gall on the leaves of the linden (Tilia intermedia D.C.). During larval development, the gall is inconspicuous on the host. Once the larva has left the gall (2 weeks after the eggs have been laid) the tissue desiccates and turns brown. We have found that the gall is initiated by the first instar larva, which attacks epidermal cells with sharp mandibles and kills a few precisely localized cells. Cells elongate perpendicularly to the attacked leaf lamina and eventually completely cover the larva. We did not observe cell division. The second instar larva enlarges the small gall cavity by inducing cell wall maceration between the vascular bundle sheath cells and the phloem. The larva feeds on cells that protrude from the open vascular bundles and on the palisade parenchyma. Contrary to earlier observations, we found these cells to be structurally modified into a nutritive tissue. The nutritive cells are hypertrophied and turgid, and have a centrally located enlarged nucleus and small vacuoles; the hydrated cytoplasm contains numerous concentric layers of endoplasmic reticulum, as well as many dictyosomes and autophagic structures. The presence of large pit fields in the cell wall suggests intense symplastic transport of solutes. The larva feeds by puncturing the turgid cells. These punctures may reach deeply into the cells but the cell wall is never ruptured; instead, the wall grows around the mandibles. Starch accumulates around the feeding area. Farther away, the modified leaf tissues contain phenolic substances. The pustule gall of P. hartigi is a highly specialized structure, supporting rapid larval development. The lack of conspicuity and the large larval cavity allow the larva to escape most of the parasitoids. Larval development goes almost without important host defense reactions and, therefore, is of low energy costs for the host. The wounding pattern of the first instar larva is highly species specific and shows a large degree of host adaptation.Key words: gall midge, gall, nutritive tissue, Physemocecis hartigi, Tilia intermedia.

scholarly journals Changes in the infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of lignins from alfalfa stem with growth and development

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Markovic ◽  
Jasmina Radovic ◽  
Ratibor Strbanovic ◽  
Danica Bajic ◽  
Miroslav Vrvic
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Klason Lignin ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Spectrometric Technique ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Predominant Component

Lignin is a poorly characterized polymer and its exact properties vary depending on both the species of the plant and its location within the plant. Three classes of lignins taken from alfalfa stem were examined. The investigation was concentrated on the determination of chemical changes in the lignins during growth and development by the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared (IR) spectrometric technique. The spectrum of permanganate lignin was comparable to that of acid detergent lignin. The main differences were in the different relative absorbance of the peaks. The predominant component of acid detergent lignin and permanganate lignin was guaiacyl-type lignin. The predominant component of Klason lignin was syringyl-type lignin. A comparison between the signals from lignin in different development stages revealed the appearance of new peaks, which are indications of new bonds and changes in the structure of the lignins.

scholarly journals Aspectos da estrutura foliar de Stevia cinerascens Sch. - Bip. (Compositae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Amélia Moema Veiga Lopes ◽  
Maria Helena Cechella Achutti ◽  
Thereza Grassiolli ◽  
Sérgio Augusto de Loreto Bordignon
Keyword(s):  
Structural Variation ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stereological Method ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Secretory Canals ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Shade Leaves

Leaves of odorous plants (sample A) and no odorous ones (sample B), showing diverse habits and growing in different habitats were studied. Clarified leaves were used for the blade architecture study and sections of alive and fixed leaves for the anatomical study. The determination of occupied area by epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes according to the stereological method was done. The structure of leaves is dorsiventral. They are amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. The trichomes are simples conical, simple filiforme and biseriate vesicular glandular types. The venation is acrodromous. The vascular bundles have a collateral arrangement. The bundle sheath of the small vascular bundles located in the mesophyll is parenchymatic. The vessel members have simple perforation plates. Schizogenous secretory canals accompany the primary veins and sometimes the secondary veins. The collenchyma is present beneath the epidermis of the larger veins. The biseriate vesicular glandular trichomes differentiation, subtype α (sample A) and subtype β (sample B) and features frequent in sun (sample A) and shade leaves (sample B) are structural variation showed by these leaves.

Studies on establishment of families and their early growth and development for surf clam Mactra chinensis Philipi

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-wu YAN ◽  
Qi WANG ◽  
Yue-huan ZHANG ◽  
Zhong-ming HUO ◽  
Yue ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Surf Clam ◽  
Mactra Chinensis

scholarly journals Morphology and anatomy of leaf mine in Richterago riparia Roque (Asteraceae) in the campos rupestres of Serra do Cipó, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. A. MELO DE PINNA ◽  
J. E. KRAUS ◽  
N. L. de MENEZES
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Campos Rupestres ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Serra Do Cipó ◽  
Phenolic Substances

The leaf mine in Richterago riparia is caused by a lepidopteran larva (lepidopteronome). The leaves of R. riparia show campdodrome venation; the epidermis is unistratified, with stomata and glandular trichomes in adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The mesophyll is bilateral and the vascular system is collateral. During the formation of the mine, the larva consumes the chlorenchyma of the mesophyll and the smaller vascular bundles (veins of third and fourth orders). Structural alterations in the tissues of the host plant were not observed, except for the formation of a wound meristem and the presence of cells with phenolic substances next to the mine. Three cephalic exuviae of the miner were found in the mesophyll. This lepidopteronome is parenchymatic and the epidermis remains intact, but forms a protective layer for the mining insect.

scholarly journals Determination of antibiotic concentration in meconium and its association with fetal growth and development

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingya Zhao ◽  
Yuhan Zhou ◽  
Qingyang Zhu ◽  
Bing Xia ◽  
Wenjuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Antibiotic Concentration
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document