A so called "rudimentary gall" induced by the gall midge Physemocecis hartigi on leaves of Tilia intermedia

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Rohfritsch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Specialized Structure ◽  
Species Specific

The gall midge Physemocecis hartigi Liebel (Cecidomyiidae) induces a pustule gall on the leaves of the linden (Tilia intermedia D.C.). During larval development, the gall is inconspicuous on the host. Once the larva has left the gall (2 weeks after the eggs have been laid) the tissue desiccates and turns brown. We have found that the gall is initiated by the first instar larva, which attacks epidermal cells with sharp mandibles and kills a few precisely localized cells. Cells elongate perpendicularly to the attacked leaf lamina and eventually completely cover the larva. We did not observe cell division. The second instar larva enlarges the small gall cavity by inducing cell wall maceration between the vascular bundle sheath cells and the phloem. The larva feeds on cells that protrude from the open vascular bundles and on the palisade parenchyma. Contrary to earlier observations, we found these cells to be structurally modified into a nutritive tissue. The nutritive cells are hypertrophied and turgid, and have a centrally located enlarged nucleus and small vacuoles; the hydrated cytoplasm contains numerous concentric layers of endoplasmic reticulum, as well as many dictyosomes and autophagic structures. The presence of large pit fields in the cell wall suggests intense symplastic transport of solutes. The larva feeds by puncturing the turgid cells. These punctures may reach deeply into the cells but the cell wall is never ruptured; instead, the wall grows around the mandibles. Starch accumulates around the feeding area. Farther away, the modified leaf tissues contain phenolic substances. The pustule gall of P. hartigi is a highly specialized structure, supporting rapid larval development. The lack of conspicuity and the large larval cavity allow the larva to escape most of the parasitoids. Larval development goes almost without important host defense reactions and, therefore, is of low energy costs for the host. The wounding pattern of the first instar larva is highly species specific and shows a large degree of host adaptation.Key words: gall midge, gall, nutritive tissue, Physemocecis hartigi, Tilia intermedia.

Biology and development of galls induced by Lopesia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on leaves of Mimosa gemmulata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Cotrim Costa ◽  
Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro ◽  
Juliana Santos Silva ◽  
Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Galling Insects ◽  
Late Growth

Analyses of gall biology and development allow determination of morphogenesis events in host-plant organs that are altered by galling insects. Currently, we assume that there is a correlation between Lopesia sp. instars and the alterations in gall tissues on Mimosa gemmulata that generate the gall shape. The development of Lopesia sp. (three larval instars, pupae and adult) correlates positively with gall growth, especially on the anticlinal axis. First-instar larvae are found in galls at the stage of induction, Instar 2 in galls at early growth and development, Instar 3 in galls at late growth and development, pupae in galls at maturation, and the adult emerges from senescent galls. At induction, the larva stimulates cell differentiation in pinnula and pinna-rachis tissues on M. gemmulata. At early growth and development stages, cell division and expansion are increased, and non-glandular trichomes assist gall closing. Homogenous parenchyma and neoformed vascular bundles characterise late growth and development. At maturation, tissues are compartmentalised and cells achieve major expansion through elongation. At senescence, galls open by the falling of trichomes, and mechanical and nutritive cells have thickened walls. The neoformed nutritive tissue nurtures the developing Lopesia sp., whose feeding behaviour influences the direction of cell elongation, predominantly periclinal, determinant for gall bivalve shape.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE WILLOW BEAKED GALL MIDGE, MAYETIOLA RIGIDAE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Salix Discolor

AbstractThe willow beaked gall midge, Mayetiola rigidae (Osten Sacken), is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from bud galls on Salix discolor Mühl. and other willows on mornings of warm days in early April. Eggs are laid singly on or near the buds of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The last two instars each possess a spatula. The first-instar larva emerges in late April and penetrates the soft bud tissues. The gall begins to develop at the beginning of the second instar in mid-May. The third instar appears in early July and continues to enlarge the gall until fall. Prior to overwintering, the larva lines the inner chamber of the gall with silk and constructs one to seven silken septa across the passageway. Pupation occurs in mid-March. The gall deforms the stem and occasionally a galled branch dies or breaks off.

Infestation of young rice plants by the rice gall midge, Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae), with special reference to shoot morphogenesis

1970 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini Perera ◽  
Henry E. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Growth Cone ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Axillary Shoot ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Shoot Apices ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Rice Gall Midge

Infestations of the rice gall midge Pachydiplosis oryzae (Wood-Mason) in Ceylon were studied in 1968. The three larval instars, the prepupa and pupa are described. Total development time is 18–22 days. Dissection of infested rice seedlings showed that first-instar larvae move in 6–12 h from the leaves where they hatch to the shoot apices to which they are specifically attracted, without boring into plant tissues. Larvae feed at the base of the growth cone throughout their development; if more than one larva reaches a shoot apex only one individual survives to maturity. Gall formation results from suppression of the growth cone, development of radial ridges from the innermost leaf primordium just above the level of the posterior end of the larva, and then an elongation of the leaf sheath. Death of the larva, achieved experimentally by means of diazinon or fenitrothion applied to the soil, up to and including instar 2 was followed by renewed activity of the growth cone, but after the same treatment during instar 3 the growth cone was not re-activated. The development of the gall is seen as being due to diversion of nutrients from the growth cone to the midge larva, and possibly by substances produced by the first-instar larva and prepupa which stimulate growth of the radial ridges and gall elongation, respectively. Firstinstar larvae develop only in active shoot apices; thus development proceeds normally in the terminal apex, but is inhibited in the inactive axillary shoot apices. Under high population pressure all shoot apices become infested, but larval dormancy results in staggered gall formation and adult emergence. Larval dormancy in inactive axillary shoot apices may explain seasonal carry-over of the pest.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE PINE CONE WILLOW GALL MIDGE, RHABDOPHAGA STROBILOIDES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Pine Cone

AbstractThe pine cone willow gall midge is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from the galls on Salix eriocephala Michx. and other willows on warm days in late April or early May. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves and stems of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The first-instar larva emerges in early May and penetrates the soft tissues at the base of the developing shoot tip. Shortly thereafter, the gall begins to develop and is about half grown by the time the second-instar larva appears in late May. The last-instar larva appears in July. Before overwintering, the larva constructs a cocoon which may or may not be closed at the top. Pupation occurs in early April. Numerous inquilines and parasites inhabit the developing and mature gall.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF RHABDOPHAGA SP. (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), A GALL MIDGE ATTACKING WILLOW IN MICHIGAN

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Third Instar Larva ◽  
Salix Discolor

AbstractThe taxonomic status of Rhabdophaga sp. cannot be determined until a complete revision of the genus occurs. Rhabdophaga sp. on Salix discolor Mühl. is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge in mid-April, and shortly afterward deposit numerous eggs on the setaceous undersurface of emerging willow leaves; larval eclosion occurs between 1 and 2 weeks later. Head capsule measurements reveal three larval instars. The first-instar larva bores into the stem until it reaches the pith. Gall development begins about mid-June shortly after the second instar appears. The third-instar larva overwinters in the gall and the pupa appears in early April. The prolate gall is found on the proximal ends of young willow shoots; heavily galled shoots usually die.

scholarly journals First instar larvae of endemic Australian Miltogramminae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Szpila ◽  
Kinga Walczak ◽  
Nikolas P. Johnston ◽  
Thomas Pape ◽  
James F. Wallman
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Maxillary Palpus ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe first instar larva of a species of the Australian endemic genus Aenigmetopia Malloch is described for the first time, along with the first instar larvae of three other Australian species representing the genera Amobia Robineau-Desvoidy and Protomiltogramma Townsend. Larval morphology was analysed using a combination of light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The following morphological structures are documented: pseudocephalon, antennal complex, maxillary palpus, facial mask, modifications of thoracic and abdominal segments, anal region, spiracular field, posterior spiracles and details of the cephaloskeleton. Substantial morphological differences are observed between the three genera, most notably in the labrum and mouthhooks of the cephaloskeleton, sensory organs of the pseudocephalon, spinulation, sculpture of the integument and form of the spiracular field. The first instar larval morphology of Aenigmetopia amissa Johnston, Wallman, Szpila & Pape corroborates the close phylogenetic affinity of Aenigmetopia Malloch with Metopia Meigen, inferred from recent molecular analysis. The larval morphology of Amobia auriceps (Baranov), Protomiltogramma cincta Townsend and Protomiltogramma plebeia Malloch is mostly congruent with the morphology of Palaearctic representatives of both genera.

The Hydraenidae of Cuba (Insecta: Coleoptera) II: Morphology of preimaginal stages of six species and notes on their biology

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4238 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBERT DELER-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
JUAN A. DELGADO
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Preimaginal Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Preimaginal stages of the six species of Hydraenidae presently known from Cuba were obtained by rearing adults in the laboratory. Eggs of Hydraena perkinsi Spangler, 1980, H. decui Spangler, 1980 and H. franklyni Deler-Hernández & Delgado, 2012 are described and illustrated for the first time. The first instar larva of Gymnochthebius fossatus (LeConte, 1855) is redescribed, adding some new remarkable morphological characters including what could be the first abdominal egg-burster reported for this family. All larval instars of H. perkinsi, H. guadelupensis Orchymont, 1923 and Ochthebius attritus LeConte, 1878 are described and illustrated for the first time, with a special emphasis on their chaetotaxy. The second instar larva of G. fossatus along with first and third instar larvae of H. decui and H. franklyni are also studied for the first time. The pupal morphology and vestiture of a species belonging to the genus Hydraena are described for the first time, based on the pupa of H. perkinsi. Biological notes for several preimaginal stages of the studied species are also given. 

Morphology of the first instar larva of Bradysia tritici (Diptera : Sciaridae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bischof ◽  
A.L.P. Perondini ◽  
H.O. Gutzeit
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
First Instar

CHAETOPHLEPSIS NASELLENSIS, A DIPTEROUS PARASITOID OF THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1121-1128
Author(s):  
Richard D. Medley ◽  
V. M. Carolin
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Western Hemlock Looper ◽  
Lambdina Fiscellaria Lugubrosa ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractPreserved material from 1962 field studies provided information on the habits and morphology of the tachinid parasitoid Chaetophlepsis nasellensis Reinhard. Parasitization of the larvae of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst), continues over a 30- to 40-day period. Maggots issue from the host larvae and drop to the ground to pupate. The pupae normally overwinter, with adults emerging the following spring or summer. The early first-instar larva differs markedly from the late first-instar. The three instars can be distinguished on the basis of body length and the structure and form of the buccopharyngeal apparatus. The first and third larval instars and the puparium are distinctive enough to permit easy identification during studies of the western hemlock looper and associated loopers.

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