Morphology and anatomy of leaf mine in Richterago riparia Roque (Asteraceae) in the campos rupestres of Serra do Cipó, Brazil

The leaf mine in Richterago riparia is caused by a lepidopteran larva (lepidopteronome). The leaves of R. riparia show campdodrome venation; the epidermis is unistratified, with stomata and glandular trichomes in adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The mesophyll is bilateral and the vascular system is collateral. During the formation of the mine, the larva consumes the chlorenchyma of the mesophyll and the smaller vascular bundles (veins of third and fourth orders). Structural alterations in the tissues of the host plant were not observed, except for the formation of a wound meristem and the presence of cells with phenolic substances next to the mine. Three cephalic exuviae of the miner were found in the mesophyll. This lepidopteronome is parenchymatic and the epidermis remains intact, but forms a protective layer for the mining insect.

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Reassessing species boundaries in the Syagrus glaucescens complex (Arecaceae) using leaf anatomy

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2020-0165 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 379-387

Author(s):

D.H.T. Firmo ◽

S.A. Santos ◽

M.E.M.P. Perez ◽

P. Soffiatti ◽

B.F. Sant’Anna-Santos

Keyword(s):

Species Identification ◽

Leaf Anatomy ◽

Vascular System ◽

Identification Key ◽

Species Boundaries ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Geographical Isolation ◽

Species Occurrence ◽

Species Diagnosis ◽

High Degree

The Syagrus glaucescens complex comprises three species: Syagrus glaucescens Glaz. ex Becc., Syagrus duartei Glassman, and Syagrus evansiana Noblick. Recently, a new population of S. evansiana that possesses a high degree of endemism was reported in the Serra do Cabral mountain. Here we intend to study the leaf anatomy of the S. glaucescens complex and confirm whether this newly found population (from now on called Syagrus aff. evansiana) belongs to S. evansiana or not. Specimens were collected to investigate their leaf anatomy, which showed distinct differences between S. aff. evansiana and S. evansiana. The midrib anatomy revealed novelties for the S. glauscecens complex, proving useful for species diagnosis. Features such as accessory vascular bundles around the vascular system of the midrib and the number of collateral bundles are diagnostic for species identification. In addition, morphological and anatomical analyses indicated a correlation with the species occurrence. We found greater similarity between S. glaucescens and S. duartei, while S. evansiana and S. aff. evansiana are more alike. Here, we propose a new identification key based only on the leaf anatomy. Despite their morphological similarities, S. aff. evansiana and S. evansiana presented differences in leaf anatomy, which — when associated with their geographical isolation — suggests a fourth taxon in the complex.

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Anatomy of Brazilian Cereeae (subfamily Cactoideae, Cactaceae): Arrojadoa Britton & Rose, Stephanocereus A. Berger and Brasilicereus Backeberg

Acta Botanica Brasilica ◽

10.1590/s0102-33062007000400006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 813-822 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Patricia Soffiatti ◽

Veronica Angyalossy

Keyword(s):

Secondary Xylem ◽

Sieve Tube ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Campos Rupestres ◽

Espinhaço Range ◽

Diagnostic Characters ◽

Bordered Pits ◽

Companion Cells ◽

Southern Bahia ◽

Perforation Plates

(Anatomy of Brazilian Cereeae (subfamily Cactoideae, Cactaceae): Arrojadoa Britton & Rose, Stephanocereus A. Berger wâBrasilicereus Backeberg). Arrojadoa, Stephanocereus and Brasilicereus are endemic Brazilian Cereeae, occurring along the Espinhaço Range, in the campos rupestres, cerrados and caatingas, from northern Minas Gerais to southern Bahia. The genera are columnar, erect to semi-erect cacti, except for one species, A bahiensis, which is globose. This study describes the anatomy of dermal, fundamental and vascular systems, aiming to find diagnostic characters for the genera and species. Basal portions of stems were sectioned transversely and longitudinally, and stained with Astrablue and Safranin. The species share a uniseriate epidermis, with thick cuticle; well developed collenchymatic hypodermis, containing prismatic crystals; cortex with numerous mucilage cells, druses and vascular bundles; outside cortex as a palisade parenchyma; periderm composed of lignified cork cells alternating with suberized cells; pheloderm consisting of a few layers of thin-walled cells; phloem composed of solitary or multiple of two to three sieve tube elements, companion cells, axial and radial parenchyma; secondary xylem with solitary to multiple vessels, with simple perforation plates and alternate bordered to semi-bordered pits; axial parenchyma scanty vasicentric to incomplete; libriform septate fibres; large rays. Unlignified parenchyma is seen in the secondary xylem, varying from a few cells to bands among axial and radial elements. The following are considered diagnostic characters: the shape of lignified phellem cells, cubic to radially elongate, which individualizes S. leucostele; an underdeveloped hypodermis and the occurrence of sclereids in the cortex are exclusive to Brasilicereus markgrqfii.

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Presence of Xylella fastidiosa in Sweet Orange Fruit and Seeds and Its Transmission to Seedlings

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.953 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 93 (8) ◽

pp. 953-958 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

W.-B. Li ◽

W. D. Pria ◽

P. M. Lacava ◽

X. Qin ◽

J. S. Hartung

Keyword(s):

Vascular System ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Xylella Fastidiosa ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Specific Amplification ◽

Root Grafts ◽

Citrus Seeds

Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium, causes several economically important diseases in North, Central, and South America. These diseases are transmitted by sharpshooter insects, contaminated budwood, and natural root-grafts. X. fastidiosa extensively colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible plants. Citrus fruit have a well-developed vascular system, which is continuous with the vascular system of the plant. Citrus seeds develop very prominent vascular bundles, which are attached through ovular and seed bundles to the xylem system of the fruit. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit of cvs. Pera, Natal, and Valencia with characteristic symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis disease were collected for analysis. X. fastidiosa was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all main fruit vascular bundles, as well as in the seed and in dissected seed parts. No visual abnormalities were observed in seeds infected with the bacterium. However, the embryos of the infected seeds weighed 25% less than those of healthy seeds, and their germination rate was lower than uninfected seeds. There were about 2,500 cells of X. fastidiosa per infected seed of sweet orange, as quantified using real-time PCR techniques. The identification of X. fastidiosa in the infected seeds was confirmed by cloning and sequencing the specific amplification product, obtained by standard PCR with specific primers. X. fastidiosa was also detected in and recovered from seedlings by isolation in vitro. Our results show that X. fastidiosa can infect and colonize fruit tissues including the seed. We also have shown that X. fastidiosa can be transmitted from seeds to seedlings of sweet orange. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of X. fastidiosa in seeds and its transmission to seedlings.

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Leaf anatomy and micromorphology of six Posoqueria Aublet species (Rubiaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860201061311 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 505-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rosani do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda ◽

Doria Maria Saiter Gomes ◽

Aline Carvalho de Azevedo ◽

Michelle Lima Magalhães ◽

Mario Gomes

Keyword(s):

Leaf Anatomy ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Vascular System ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Atlantic Rain Forest ◽

Leaf Margin ◽

Anticlinal Wall ◽

Wax Deposition ◽

Palisade Parenchyma ◽

Cuticular Layer

Abstract The present study deals with the leaf anatomy and leaf surface of Posoqueria acutifolia Mart., P. latifolia Mart., P. longiflora Aublet, P. macropus Mart., P. palustris (Rudge) Roem. and Posoqueria sp., collected in fragments of Atlantic rain forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The epicuticular wax may occur in the form of filaments, granules or crusts. The leaves are covered by a thick cuticular layer that may be smooth or striated. Paracytic stomata, and non-glandular trichomes are limited to the abaxial surface; the latter are numerous in P. palustris, and rare in P. longiflora and P. latifolia. Leaves have a dorsiventral structure, with only one layer of palisade parenchyma and varied amounts of spongy parenchyma. Idioblasts containing crystalliferous sand were observed, and were more abundant in P. latifolia. The leaf blade vascular system is formed by collateral bundles with a parenchymatous sheath, associated with fibers. The vascular system of the petiole and the leaf blade forms an arch. Some of the anatomical features observed can be used to distinguish the species studied. Anatomical leaf characters could be used in the recognition of six species of Posoqueria studied, such as anticlinal wall of epidermal cells, wax deposition, trichomes and shape of the leaf margin.

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Biology and development of galls induced by Lopesia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on leaves of Mimosa gemmulata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt17099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 161 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elaine Cotrim Costa ◽

Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro ◽

Juliana Santos Silva ◽

Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Early Growth ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Nutritive Tissue ◽

Development Stages ◽

First Instar ◽

Galling Insects ◽

Late Growth

Analyses of gall biology and development allow determination of morphogenesis events in host-plant organs that are altered by galling insects. Currently, we assume that there is a correlation between Lopesia sp. instars and the alterations in gall tissues on Mimosa gemmulata that generate the gall shape. The development of Lopesia sp. (three larval instars, pupae and adult) correlates positively with gall growth, especially on the anticlinal axis. First-instar larvae are found in galls at the stage of induction, Instar 2 in galls at early growth and development, Instar 3 in galls at late growth and development, pupae in galls at maturation, and the adult emerges from senescent galls. At induction, the larva stimulates cell differentiation in pinnula and pinna-rachis tissues on M. gemmulata. At early growth and development stages, cell division and expansion are increased, and non-glandular trichomes assist gall closing. Homogenous parenchyma and neoformed vascular bundles characterise late growth and development. At maturation, tissues are compartmentalised and cells achieve major expansion through elongation. At senescence, galls open by the falling of trichomes, and mechanical and nutritive cells have thickened walls. The neoformed nutritive tissue nurtures the developing Lopesia sp., whose feeding behaviour influences the direction of cell elongation, predominantly periclinal, determinant for gall bivalve shape.

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Comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on amaranthus hybridus l. and Amaranthus spinosus L.

Scientia Africana ◽

10.4314/sa.v20i1.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

C. Wahua ◽

J. Nwikiri

Keyword(s):

Niger Delta ◽

Vascular System ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Stomatal Index ◽

Amaranthus Hybridus ◽

Anatomical Studies ◽

Amaranthus Spinosus ◽

The Family ◽

Phytochemical Studies ◽

Key Words Morphology

The present study is set to investigate the comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on Amaranthus hybridus L. and Amaranthus spinosus L. which belong to the family Amaranthaceae. They are dicots pre-dominantly found in the Niger Delta Tropics, Nigeria. The species are annual erect herbs with flower inflorescences as elongated spikes which are mostly paniculate occurring at ends of branches in globose fashion in axils of leaves.The nodes often have pair of axillary spines. Flowers are small, greenish with male ones at the top while the female ones below the clusters and stem is greenish but often reddish with one-seeded capsule as fruit in Amaranthus spinosus which attains up to 80 ± 20cm in height whereas A. hybridus differ in absence of a pair of axillary spines, the stems are greenish or slightly pinkish which grows up to 100 ± 10cm in height. A. hybridus is more of a vegetable and has alternate phyllotaxi and narrow cuneate base. Fruits from both species are circumscissile capsules and their inflorescences are terminal racemes positioned at their axils with female perianth segments of five. Epidermal studies revealed amphistomatic stomata which is anisocytic type for both species. The stomatal index for A. spinosus adaxial foliar epidermis is 20% and the abaxial 20% whereas for A. hybridus adaxial is 20% and abaxial foliar stomatal index of 20%. Anatomical studies revealed open vascular system, collenchyma dominating the hypodermis while parenchyma occupied the general cortex and pith regions. A. hybridus has more vascular bundles and trichomes, and wider pith than A. spinosus. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are present in A. spinosus while alkaloids were absent only in A. hybridus. This may be the reason why A. spinosus is used more in tradomedicine than A.hybridus which served more as vegetable. Key Words: Morphology, Anatomy, Phytochemistry, Amaranthus, Amaranthaceae

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Vascular System of the Stem of the Wheat Plant. I. Mature State

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9720049 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

JW Patrick

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Vascular System ◽

Wheat Plant ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Vascular Connections ◽

Main Tiller

The courses of the various vascular bundles in the nodes of the main tiller of Triticum aestivum L. have been reconstructed from anatomical observations of con- secutive serial transverse sections. Of the bundles entering a node (n) from its attached leaf, the first-formed and largest, the median, passes directly through the node to the second node below (n-2), where it bifurcates and fuses with other strands. These continue to node n- 3 before fusing completely with the nodal plexus. The next six bundles to form (laterals) establish some links with bundles from higher leaves in the node of entry, much more extensive connections in node n- 1, and fuse completely with the nodal plexus in node n-2. The next four lateral bundles to differentiate are more extensively linked in node n and fuse completely with the nodal plexus in node n - I . The remaining 16-20 bundles from the leaf (intermediates) follow much the same course but develop more extensive connections with other bundles. The extensive plexus which develops in each node ensures vascular connections between most bundles. The significance of these in transport is briefly discussed.

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Anatomy and fructan distribution in vegetative organs of Dimerostemma vestitum (Asteraceae) from the campos rupestres

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201520140214 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 797-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Taiza M. Silva ◽

Divina A.A. Vilhalva ◽

Moemy G. Moraes ◽

Rita de Cássia L. Figueiredo-Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Campos Rupestres ◽

Water Restriction ◽

Secretory Structures ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Aerial Stem ◽

High Degree

Among the compounds stored by plants, several functions are assigned to fructans, such as source of energy and protection against drought and extreme temperatures. In the present study we analyzed the anatomy and distribution of fructans in vegetative organs of Dimerostemma vestitum (Asteraceae), an endemic species from the Brazilian campos rupestres. D. vestitum has amphistomatic and pubescent leaves, with both glandular and non-glandular trichomes. In the basal aerial stem the medulla has two types of parenchyma, which differ from the apical portion. The xylopodium has mixed anatomical origin. Interestingly, although inulin-type fructans with high degree of polymerization were found in all analyzed organs except the leaves, the highest amount and maximum degree of polymerization were detected in the xylopodium. Inulin sphero-crystals were visualized under polarized light in the medulla and in the vascular tissues mainly in the central region of the xylopodium, which has abundant xylem parenchyma. Secretory structures accumulating several compounds but not inulin were identified within all the vegetative organs. The presence of these compounds, in addition to inulin, might be related to the strategies of plants to survive adverse conditions in a semi-arid region, affected seasonally by water restriction and frequently by fire.

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Salt-induced changes in the vegetative anatomy of Prosopis strombulifera (Leguminosae)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b04-040 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 618-628 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Herminda Reinoso ◽

Laura Sosa ◽

Lucía Ramírez ◽

Virginia Luna

Keyword(s):

Vascular System ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Anatomical Changes ◽

Metabolic Adaptations ◽

Tolerant Plants ◽

Ion Exclusion ◽

Size Groups ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Endodermal Cells ◽

Early Activity

Seedlings of Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth. were grown hydroponically in Hoagland's solution with addition of 25 mmol/L NaCl every 48 h until final salt concentrations of 250, 500, and 700 mmol/L were reached. Control plants were grown without salt. Salinity induced anatomical changes in roots (young and mature zones), hypocotyls, young stems, and leaflets. The diameters of the young zone of roots of plants grown in increasing salt concentrations were smaller than those of controls, with reduced number of cortex layers and reduced size of the vascular system. The roots from tolerant plants showed precocious suberization and (or) lignification of the endodermal cells and early activity of the pericycle. Hypocotyl diameter was reduced along with a reduction in secondary phloem. Roots and hypocotyls showed abundant phellem formation. The stem diameter of young tolerant plants was notably diminished and less tissue lignification occurred. In stems and leaflets of treated plants, NaCl stimulated the production of tannins. In the leaflets, vascular bundles were similar in size. Groups of elongated parenchyma cells with many chloro plasts surrounded the bundles. These results suggest that in the absence of secretory organs, the anatomical modifications in this species are related to metabolic adaptations, such as an early development of the endodermal barrier for ion exclusion, to allow survival in high salinity.Key words: Prosopis strombulifera, anatomical changes, hydroponics, NaCl.

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Phylogenetic implications of the anatomical study of the Amburaneae clade (Fabaceae: Faboideae)

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/botlinnean/boaa019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 194 (1) ◽

pp. 69-83

Author(s):

João Pedro Silvério Pena Bento ◽

Edna Scremin-Dias ◽

Flávio Macedo Alves ◽

Vidal De Freitas Mansano ◽

Ângela Lúcia Bagnatori Sartori

Keyword(s):

Vascular System ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Secretory Structures ◽

Phylogenetic Implications ◽

Secretory Cavities ◽

Morphological And Molecular Data ◽

Vegetative Characters

Abstract Phylogenetic analyses of early-diverging Faboideae have indicated that genera previously positioned in distinct tribes are instead closely related, e.g. in the Amburaneae clade, and the relatively recent rearrangements of many genera into clades has hampered the identification of morphological synapomorphies for previously unrecognized clades. Our aims are to evaluate anatomical vegetative characters of leaflets attached to reproductive features in the Amburaneae clade, to identify new synapomorphies for the clade and subclades, to identify characters supporting intergeneric relationships and diagnostic characters for the genus and species and to provide information about the morphology and histochemistry of secretory structures. The study was based on the anatomy of the leaflet of 19 species of the Amburaneae clade. Papillae cells, the presence of vascular system units and hypodermis are shared features of Amburaneae. Anatomical characters of the leaflet can be diagnostic at the generic and specific levels in Amburaneae. Secretory structures found in the clade are secretory cavities, secretory channels, idioblasts, mucilaginous epidermal cells and glandular trichomes. The broader concept of Amburaneae is reinforced here by morphological and molecular data, with the identification of new synapomorphies. Our dataset supports the intergeneric relationships resolved by molecular data.

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