The importance of pest and disease damage as a cause of commercial downgrading of apple fruit

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
KA Dodds ◽  
LJ Penrose ◽  
CC Bower ◽  
H Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Hail Damage ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Disease Damage

A 2-year study of downgrading and wastage in apples was part of a pest and disease control project in the Batlow district of New South Wales. Records were kept of specific reasons for rejection.One-third of the annual harvest was downgraded to grade 2, juice, or wastage. The main cause was physical damage (around 20%), especially due to bruising and injuries. Disease damage generally caused rejection of <1% of fruit, while insects generally damaged <5%. Other physical damage such as limb rub, sunburn, hail damage, russetting, and bitter pit accounted for most of the remaining downgrading.

Phlyctaena vagabunda Desm., Pezicula malicorticis (Jackson) Nannf., and other fungi associated with apple twigs

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
LJ Penrose
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
First Record ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Tree Pruning

The apple fruit rotting fungi Phlyctaena vagabunda, Pezicula malicorticis and Botrytis cinerea were isolated from apple tree pruning stubs or cankers. This report constitutes the first record of Pezicula malicorticis in New South Wales. It is suggested that pruning stubs provide the source of infection for fruit rots caused by these fungi.

Surveys of spraying practices for banana leaf disease control in New South Wales, and an assessment of disease control based on leaf retention at harvest in July

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Allen ◽  
AA Akehurst ◽  
G Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Climatic Index ◽  
Frequency Model ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Leaf Retention

Commercial 'Williams' banana plantations were surveyed at random on the North Coast of New South Wales during July 1990 and 1991, to determine spraying practices for leaf disease control and their efficacy in relation to leaf retention at harvest. A climatic index (CIP), based on temperature and wetness, indicated environmental conditions were conducive to leaf diseases caused by Mycosphaerella musicola and M. musae over summer and autumn 1990 but were less conducive in 1991, especially in autumn. In 1990, 5 of 44 plantations surveyed on the Mid North Coast (MNC) received no fungicide sprays; the remainder received 1-5 sprays of petroleum oil or oil mixed with propiconazole (mean 3.0 � 1.3) in December-May. Two plantations were sprayed using misting machines, the other 37 were aerially sprayed. The average numbers of leaves remaining on plants with mature bunches ranged from 0.3 to 8.3 (mean 4.7 � 2.2). A spray frequency model indicated that leaves per plant at harvest in July increased with numbers of sprays applied and decreased with increasing damage from wind and frost (r2 = 0.49; d.f. = 40; P<0.01). Another model based on the accumulated CIP from October to July (+CIP), adjusted for the timing and fungicidal effects of each spray, indicated that leaves per plant at harvest decreased with increasing +CIP, and wind and frost damage (r2 = 0.53; d.f. = 40; P<0.01). In 1991,4 of 38 plantations on the MNC and 3 of 32 on the Far North Coast (FNC) received no sprays; the remainder received 1-9 sprays of oil, oil + propiconazole, or oil + protectant fungicide mixtures. Fewer sprays were applied on the MNC in 1991 than 1990, but the timing of sprays remained unchanged. More sprays were applied on the FNC than MNC in 1991, and sprays were applied from December to July. Leaves per plant varied from 4.2 to 12.1 (mean 8.3 � 2.0). The spray frequency model from 1990 predicted leaves per plant in 1991 poorly (r2 = 0.17; d.f. = 68; P<0.01) and with substantial bias, whereas, the CIP model predicted leaves per plant for the MNC and FNC well (r2 = 0.41; d.f. = 68; P<0.01) and without bias. Observations in 1991 on the 70 surveyed plantations indicated that leaf retention also decreased with increasing damage by burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus), increasing latitude of the plantation, and decreasing electrical conductivity of the soil solution. These variables accounted for a further 21% of the variation in leaves per plant observed in 1991. Leaf retention was not significantly (P>0.05) related to soil pH or to spraying method (aerial v. ground).

scholarly journals Priorities for Communicable Disease Control in New South Wales, 2003

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy McAnulty ◽  
Kim Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Communicable Disease Control ◽  
South Wales

Radiotherapy utilization in New South Wales from 1996 to 1998: Comment

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Kearsley
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales

Plants of New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Von Mueller
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales

Notes and Sketches of New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Anne Meredith
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales

The History of New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of
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