Underwater Photogrammetry Captures the Initial Recovery of a Coral Reef at Lalo Atoll

Recovery of coral reefs after physical damage sustained from storm events can be affected by various factors. Here, we examined the initial recovery of a coral reef at the southern end of uninhabited Lalo Atoll of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument after its complete destruction by Hurricane Walaka in 2018. While the site was still mostly (98%) covered by a mixture of rubble and sand, surveys utilizing underwater photogrammetry allowed for detailed quantitative assessments of benthic cover and confirmed colonization of coral (Pocillopora meandrina and Porites lobata), macroalgae and sponges. The proportion of sand in the rubble–sand mixture also decreased from the level observed in 2019. Visual fish surveys confirmed the presence of 35 reef fish species, a large increase from no reef fish in 2019, despite the low biotic benthic cover. Overall, the colonization of benthic organisms and the return of reef fish, which is potentially supported by the benthos and cryptofauna in the rubble bed, offer positive signs of reef recovery. The photogrammetric surveys in the present study captured the subtle changes in the benthic cover and provided us with a procedure to continue monitoring the succession of the site. Continuous monitoring of the site should reveal whether the reef returns to the original state of Acropora coral dominance or progresses towards a coral assemblage with a different composition.

Outcomes of Tunneled Dialysis Catheter In Hemodialysis Patients In A Tertiary Care Hospital

BACKGROUND: To evaluate tunnel dialysis catheter (TDC) patency and its outcome among patients receiving TDC in a tertiary care hospital.METHODS: Retrospectively patients’ records were reviewed who underwent TDC placement during February 2016 to November 2020 at Department of Interventional Radiology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Patients’ age, gender, residence, comorbidity, catheter placement site, use of antibiotics before catheter insertion, reasons for catheter removal and total catheter days were retrieved from patients’ medical record file.RESULTS: 130 patients received TDC with a median follow-up of 148 (inter-quartile range: 60.8 – 274.3) days. 94(72.3%) catheters were electively removed whereas 18(13.8%), 16(12.3%) and 2(1.5%) catheters were removed due to infections, blockage and physical damage respectively. None of the mortality was observed due to catheter related complication. The incidence of overall infection, bacteremia and other infections during one year was 7.3, 5.01 and 3.19 per 10,000 patient-days respectively. Infection free survival rate was 68% with mean time to infection was 676.63 (95% CI: 593.87 – 759.39) days. During the study, total catheter patency was 53.2%. None of the patients’ characteristics was associated with catheter related infections and catheter patency.CONCLUSION: TDCs are the best available alternative for short to intermediate term use for hemodialysis when all preventive measures are taken to avoid catheter related complications either infectious or non-infectious until permanent dialysis access is achieved or renal transplant is done. It may also serve as long term hemodialysis mode in patients in whom permanent access or transplant is not preferred.

Vegetation density analysis in Banda Aceh city before and after the tsunami using satellite imagery data

Vegetation density in Banda Aceh is an important aspect of monitoring the recovery process after being hit by a tsunami on December 26, 2004. The tsunami disaster had a tremendous impact on Banda Aceh city, both physical and non-physical damage. As a result, a lot of vegetation was swept away by the tsunami waves. After the tsunami disaster, Banda Aceh City carried out rehabilitation and reconstruction to change the land cover. The increasing population growth in the city also has affected land cover. Changes in land use not following the spatial plan of the Banda Aceh can reduce the quality of the environment, e.g., reducing the vegetation density in some areas. This paper presents the utilization of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images to analyze the vegetation density in Banda Aceh city before dan after the tsunami in the last 15 years. This study aims to determine the ability of satellite imagery to detect vegetation density in Banda Aceh in designated years before and after the tsunami. This study uses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index analysis to observe the trend of vegetation density in the Banda Aceh. Results show that the vegetation density in Banda Aceh City in 2004, 2005, 2009, 2015, and 2020 was dominated by low-density classes. Still, in 2015 and 2020, there was an increase in medium and high vegetation density classes. This finding shows the pattern of the vegetation density follows the progress of the recovery after 15 years hit by a tsunami.

KAJIAN ABRASI PANTAI DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN SOSIAL MASYARAKAT DI DISTRIK KOFIAU KABUPATEN RAJA AMPAT

Coastal abrasion in Kofiau District, Raja Ampat Regency has an impact on physical damage to the coastal landscape and the impact on the social environment, namely the interaction of the physical-social environment and the changes in social life that accompany it. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of coastal abrasion and its effect on the social environment of the community in Kofiau District, Raja Ampat Regency. The research method used is qualitative. There were six sources of information consisting of village heads, community, religious leaders, education leaders, youth, and the community establishing coastal abrasion. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis technique is carried out by data reduction, data presentation, and concluding each research data. The results showed: 1) there was damage to the landscape as part of the physical condition of the abrasion beach, namely the erosion of land along the coast, people losing their homes and homestays, damaged village connecting roads, and the destruction of wave barriers. 2) some people lost their jobs in the tourism sector as a result of the destruction of homestays and cafes as a means of supporting tourism activities. 3) some people want to use relocation to a safer place, but choose to survive because life has merged with coastal life. 4) efforts to reduce the impact of abrasion are the construction of embankments, maintenance of coral reefs, and planting of mangrove trees.

Ekstraksi Minyak Gaharu dengan Pelarut Etanol secara Maserasi

Agarwood is one of the forest products that can be utilized and has a high selling value. Agarwood contains essential oils which have many active compounds and contains a specific aromatic resin that is naturally formed as a form of defense against physical damage or microbial infection. Agarwood essential oil with good quality has a high economic value. This study aims to extract agarwood essential oil using ethanol as a solvent. The optimal yield of agarwood essential oil can be obtained by varying the particle size, the ratio of the weight of the agarwood biomass (kg) to the volume of the solvent (L), and the length of maceration (h). The results showed that the particle size of agarwood did notaffect the yield of agarwood essential oil. The results of the comparison of agarwood biomass with the volume of the solvent showed that the ratio of 1:9 (w/v) obtained the highest yield of 4.02% and the longest maceration time with the highest yield of 4.12% for 72 hours. However, 48 hours of maceration had a greater increase in yield compared to 72 hours of maceration. The increase in yield at 48 hours to 72 hours of maceration was only 0.22% when compared to the increase in yield at 24 hours to 48 hours of maceration, which was 0.56%.

Self-Determination, Deviance, and Risk Factors

Deviant behaviours are a significant cost to Canadian society and can incur an immeasurable amount of emotional and physical damage every year (Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer, 2018; The John Howard Society of Canada, 2018). There have been numerous studies on the role of risk factors in affecting deviant behaviours, however, few of these have examined the influence of self-determination on deviance (Mann et al., 2010; Murray & Farrington, 2010; Zara & Farrington, 2010). This study intends to fill this gap by investigating the interactions between self-determination, gender, risk factors, and deviance. Participants were invited through the University of Saskatchewan’s PAWS and SONA systems to complete an online survey that asked questions relating to gender, self-determination, risk factors, and deviance. A Chi-square Test for Independence was utilized to explore the explicit relationships between the type of self-determination and gender differences. In addition, a two-way MANOVA was used to compare self-determination and gender together in relation to deviance and risk factors. A Chi-square test found that there was not a significant relationship between gender and self-determination while the two-way MANOVA found a significant interaction effect between self-determination, deviance, and risk factors. However, when the interaction was examined further through univariate ANOVAs, no significant differences were found. Future research that examines and expands on the relationship between self-determination, gender, risk factors and antisocial behavior is suggested.

Second-Hand Risk Health Tragedies and Human Right Violations due to Ethanol Consumption. Biochemical basis for metabolic and behavioral Tragedies due to Ethanol Consumption

Everywhere a nonsmoker who is an alcohol consumer, complains of secondhand smoke, without being aware of second-hand risk health tragedies and human rights violations provoked by alcohol consumption. Here we analyze the concept, mainly unexplored, of dramatic adverse health effects and of human rights violations against third parties generated for alcohol consumption by others; and also, the harm due to the chemical transient prefrontal lobotomy generated by alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption has been a part of the everyday human diet for centuries, especially because of the fact that alcoholic beverages are a safe means of hydration wherever clear water has not been available [1]. Old patients could, simultaneously be part of the alcohol consumers and/or secondhand victims. Before deciding to analyze the geriatric problems, we propose the allegorical model, based on Scott, Ellison, and Sinclair, as it was published in Nature Aging, in July 2021. We divide the theoretical analysis with four fundamental alternatives [2]: The extension of life (Struldbrug case). In Jonathan Swift's 1726 novel “Gulliver's Travels”, the struldbrugs were humans born apparently normal. The Struldbruggs, however immortal however they age normally, live in continuously deteriorating health. This takes us to the philosophical alternative of: “living or lasting” [2]. To lower morbidity (Dorian Gray case). Narratively, in “The Picture of Dorian Gray” a philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde, Dorian Gray owns a portrait of himself and while the picture ages, Dorian Gray does not change, maintaining his health and appearance until death [2]. Slowing aging (Peter Pan case), In this extreme case, where aging is not just slowed but canceled, the mortality and the health become independent of the age, and thus the individual is ‘forever young’. This constitutes the ‘Peter Pan’ case, after the play and novel about a boy who never grows old. This closely corresponds to the Hypocaloric diet claiming that it slows aging [2]. To reverse aging physical damage is repaired instead of slowed. This is a close analogy to the “Theseus Boat” as well as the regeneration of salamanders and lizards and transplants from donors. Desiderative, this is the future of organoids and the engineering of the pluripotent cell [2].

Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Cadets

ABSTRACT Introduction Military members’ knowledge of concussion signs and symptoms may be critical to appropriate concussion identification and health-seeking behavior, particularly for those in leadership roles. The current study aimed to characterize concussion knowledge and attitudes among future military officers undergoing U.S.-based Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) training. Materials and Methods Army and Air Force ROTC cadets at 2 large, public universities were utilized for a survey-based observational study. The study was approved by the institutional review board at both university research sites. Cadets completed a modified Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitude Survey to obtain cadets’ Concussion Knowledge Index and Concussion Attitude Index, where higher scores are preferable. Cadets’ concussion knowledge and attitudes were characterized via descriptive statistics. Results Cadets (n = 110) had a mean Concussion Knowledge Index of 18.8 ± 3.2 (range = 9–23, out of 25). Potentially detrimental misconceptions included: belief that typically concussion symptoms no longer persist after 10 days (79.1%) and brain imaging shows visible physical damage following concussion (74.5%). Mean Concussion Attitude Index was 60.6 ± 7.4 (range = 46–75, out of 75). In general, cadets reported higher agreement with safe concussion behavior than what they believe peers would report. Conclusions Cadets were found to have a high concussion knowledge, yet common misconceptions remained. Cadets consistently reported safe choices but were less sure that peers felt similarly; future investigations should evaluate ROTC concussion social norms and education should note peers’ beliefs supporting safe concussion attitudes.

The Physical Damage of Climbing Activity on Sandstone Lichen Cover

Climbing activities affect cliff site species. With cliff sites harbouring unique species communities, the rise in popularity of outdoor climbing activities is a major threat. In this study, we assessed a previously unclimbed boulder before, during and after 500 climbing ascents. We observed an overall reduction in lichen cover by 4.2–9.5%, located around the footholds and combined foot- and handhold but not the handhold. We found the reduction in lichen cover to be strongest at the very start of the climbing treatment and to lessen over time. Therefore, management should focus on directing climbing activities to selected sites, while protecting sites with high conservation value where climbing is prohibited entirely.

Profile of detention institutions for the implementation of measures and custodial sentences

Given that penal punishment is applied for the purpose of restoring social equity, correction and resocialization of the convict, as well as deterrence of further crime, it becomes imperative that penal enforcement measures are tailored according to both the specific features of the punishment and the individual characteristics of the convict. Therefore, the system of prison sentence enforcement faces a complex task because deprivation of liberty, by its nature, imposes a range of restrictions and limitations. In the process of enforcing prison punishments, there is a risk that punishment measures might cause physical damage and even downgrade the dignity of the convicted person. This article aims to analyse the current situation in the prison administration system in areas that regard the implementation of the legal provisions on prisoners’ placement according to types of prisons and regimes. Moreover, the paper identifies gaps in the legal frameworks and formulates proposals for addressing the pinpointed issues. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the purpose of punishment can be fulfilled only when the system of prison regimes is applied by taking into consideration the individual psychological and social needs of the persons deprived of liberty.