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Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Darius Kviklys ◽  
Jonas Viškelis ◽  
Mindaugas Liaudanskas ◽  
Valdimaras Janulis ◽  
Kristina Laužikė ◽  
...  

Modern apple orchard systems should guarantee homogeneity of fruit internal and external qualities and fruit maturity parameters. However, when orchards reach productive age, a variation of these parameters takes place and mostly it is related to uneven light distribution within the tree canopy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the canopy position’s effect on fruit internal and external quality parameters. This is the first study where all the main fruit quality and maturation parameters were evaluated on the same trees and were related to the light conditions and photosynthetic parameters. Four fruit positions were tested: top of the apple tree, lower inside part of the canopy, and east and west sides of the apple tree. Fruit quality variability was significant for fruit size, blush, colour indices, total sugar content, dry matter concentration, accumulation of secondary metabolites and radical scavenging activity. Fruit position in the canopy did not affect flesh firmness and fruit maturity parameters such as the starch index, Streif index and respiration rate. At the Lithuanian geographical location (55°60’ N), significantly, the highest fruit quality was achieved at the top of the apple tree. The tendency was established that apple fruits from the west side of the canopy have better fruit quality than from the east side and it could be related to better light conditions at the west side of the tree. Inside the canopy, fruits were distinguished only by the higher accumulation of triterpenic compounds and higher content of malic acid. Light is a main factor of fruit quality variation, thus all orchard management practices, including narrow two-dimensional tree canopies and reflecting ground covers which improve light penetration through the tree canopy, should be applied.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aude Coupel‐Ledru ◽  
Benoît Pallas ◽  
Magalie Delalande ◽  
Vincent Segura ◽  
Baptiste Guitton ◽  
...  

Agriculture ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Gongshuai Wang ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xuesen Chen ◽  
Xiang Shen ◽  
...  

Evidence indicates that Allium and Brassica species which release bioactive compounds are widely used in bio-fumigation to suppress soil-borne diseases. However, the active molecules of such plant residues are easily volatilized. In this study, we conducted mixed cropping of the apple tree with Allium fistulosum or Brassica juncea; the results demonstrated that such mixed cropping significantly improved the growth of the grafted apple seedlings and alleviated apple replant disease (ARD) for two years. The terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism profile results showed that the soil fungal community demonstrated distinct variation and diversity in terms of composition. A. fistulosum and B. juncea significantly improved the Margalef, Pielou, and Shannon indices. In addition, the analyses of clone libraries showed that A. fistulosum and B. juncea promoted the proliferation of antagonistic fungi such as Mortierella, Trichoderma, and Penicillium, and inhibited the proliferation of pathogens such as Fusarium. Fusarium. Proliferatum (F. proliferatum) was abundant in replanted soil and proved to be an aggressive pathogen of apple seedlings. Our findings thus indicate that apple tree mixed cropping with A. fistulosum and B. juncea was an effective long-term method for modifying the resident fungal community and alleviating ARD.


Italus Hortus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Damiano Zanotelli ◽  
Massimo Tagliavini ◽  
Marta Petrillo ◽  
Carlo Andreotti

A significant human-driven increment of the available reactive nitrogen (Nr) forms has occurred during the past century at the global scale, which in turn has increased the amount of Nr deposition. Grafted apple trees (Gala / M.9 strain T337) were used in a pot experiment conducted in semicontrolled conditions, where the 15N-labelling technique allowed to trace the fate of N from ammonium nitrate (15NH4 15NO3, isotopic enrichment: 10.3 atoms %) distributed at three increasing rates (N1, N2, N4, where N2 is the double of N1 and N4 is the double of N2) either to soil or to canopy (foliar application) to simulate atmospheric N depositions. At the end of the experiment, plants were destructively sampled, and N derived from depositions (Ndfd), total N, and biomass of above and belowground organs were determined. Uptake rates ranged from 21% to 57% and the Ndfd recovery was higher for soil than for foliar application. Foliar-supplied plants showed a higher Ndfd in leaves and shoots than soil-supplied ones, while the latter showed a higher Ndfd in roots than the former. Moreover, total N in trunk, shoot axes and leaves increased with the N rates up to the level N2, with no further increase in N4. Increasing tree N availability, regardless the supply mode, increased the shoot:root N content. The fact that the N uptake rate was rather stable at increasing N rates suggests that if N from atmospheric depositions becomes increasingly available at the canopy or soil level, it will actively contribute to apple tree nutrition and account for a significant fraction of the apple tree N needs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (48) ◽  
pp. 21-21
Author(s):  
Vitaly Donskih ◽  
Tatiana Aniskina ◽  
Victоria Kryuchkova

The Tsumi apple tree is a valuable crop due to the presence of a gene for resistance to powdery mildew, abundant annual fruiting and a special decorative effect during flowering and fruiting. Its breeding potential has been little studied; therefore, it is necessary to study the morphometric characteristics of a flower and a fruit and establish connections between them. The collection of flowers and fruits of the Tsumi apple tree was carried out in the laboratory of cultivated plants of the Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden in 2021. The coefficients of variation and correlation according to Spearman were determined. It was found that the polymorphism of flower traits is at a very low level (from 4.4% to 14.2%). The number of flowers per inflorescence varies within 15.9%, which corresponds to the average level of polymorphism, as well as in the weight of the fruit (17.3%) and in the weight of seeds (19.5%). Variations in the length of the peduncle, the number of seeds, the length of the fruit, and the diameter of the fruit are at a very low level (6.9-13.6%). A significant number of reliable inverse (negative) correlations were found between signs of moderate strength (0.5 <r <0.6): a strong relationship between fruit weight and anther length (r = -0.73), fruit length and filament length (r = -0.71). A strong positive relationship was found between the following traits: fruit weight and fruit diameter (r = 0.79), seed weight. Keywords: POLYMORPHISM, FLOWER, CRABAPPLES, SORBOMALUS, MALUS ZUMI, TSUMI APPLE TREE, VARIABILITY, MORPHOLOGY


2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2S) ◽  
pp. S34-S40
Author(s):  
Kerry R. Everett ◽  
Irene P.S. Pushparajah ◽  
Reiny W.A. Scheper

Neonectria ditissima causes a debilitating apple tree canker disease. We determined the efficacy of polymerase chain reaction primers, originally designed for European strains, by sequencing New Zealand strains. The concatenated ribosomal inter-transcribed spacer and β-tubulin gene regions of 17 New Zealand isolates were compared with those of two European strains by phylogenetic analysis. New Zealand and European isolates of N. ditissima were in the same clade, suggesting that there has been little change in these gene regions following introduction to New Zealand. There was 100% homology with Bt-FW135 and Bt-RW284 primers. Based on sequencing 17 New Zealand isolates from several locations, these polymerase chain reaction primers can be relied upon to amplify New Zealand isolates of N. ditissima.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (48) ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
Vitaly Donskih ◽  
Tatiana Aniskina ◽  
Victоria Kryuchkova

The Sargent apple tree is highly valued for its decorative qualities, it is used in breeding work when developing new ornamental varieties. To assess the breeding potential, as well as planning crosses, information is needed on the variability of the morphometric traits of the apple flower and fruit, as well as the presence of a relationship between these traits. The research was carried out in the laboratory of cultivated plants of the Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden on 12 quantitative traits of flower and fruit. It was found that almost all traits are characterized by a low level of polymorphism of 7-15% (flower diameter - 13.2%, pedicel thickness - 14.9%, peduncle length - 8.3%, fruit length - 4.7%, fruit diameter - 5.7%) or an average level (16-25%), except for the mass of seeds (40%) and the number of seeds in the fruit (33.9%). An inverse correlation was found between the length of the anther and the number of seeds inside the fruit (r = -0.46), as well as strong direct relationships between the diameter of the fruit and the weight of the fruit (r = 0.79) and the diameter of the fruit and the length of the fruit (r = 0, 78). A reliable direct relationship between the group was also revealed: flower length, filament length, pedicel thickness, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight. Keywords: POLYMORPHISM, FLOWERS, CRABAPPLES, SORBOMALUS, MALUS SARGENTII, SARGENT APPLE TREE


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Dedina

The article analyzes the semantic features of D. Belekov's early lyrics, identifies the figurative and spatial dominants represented in the author's artistic world. In the temporal designation, the semantic structure is actualized in a series of images associated with spring, and primroses, a blooming apple tree, murmuring streams of meltwater, fields with thawed patches, etc., creating a holistic picture of the awakening nature, metaphorically embody the image of the younger generation. Toponymically and geographically, the dominant image is the image of the native land, which includes the entire complex of symbols-markers characteristic of the designation of the territory of Gorniy Altai (Altai Mountains). If the homeland for the lyrical hero of the poet becomes a source of strength and inspiration, then for his development he needs a movement understood as the development of the "other" space, actualized in the generalized image of blue distances and a crowded city with bright lights. The central theme in the poet's lyrics is the theme of the road, embodied in the motives of departure and return.


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