The management and economics of east coast fever.

Abstract This book chapter tackles the management and economics of east coast fever. At about the time of ILRAD's establishment in 1973, a vaccination procedure was being developed at the East African Veterinary Research Organization (EAVRO) at Muguga, Kenya. The infection-and-treatment method (ITM) is an immunization procedure against ECF. It involves inoculation of live sporozoites of T. parva, usually in the form of a semi-purified homogenate of T. parva-infected ticks, combined with simultaneous treatment with a dose of a long-acting formulation of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. Whilst safe and very effective when administered correctly, production and delivery of this live ECF vaccine is complicated, expensive and time consuming, and at the time of ILRAD's founding, there were doubts as to whether such a procedure was commercially viable. The future for ILRI in the pathology and immunoparasitology of theileriosis will be guided by the vaccine, balanced against the evolving prospects for a subunit vaccine. The future in the epidemiology and economics of ECF management will be developing and evaluating current or novel control methods.

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Safety and Efficacy of the East Coast Fever Muguga Cocktail Vaccine: A Systematic Review

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9111318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1318

Author(s):

Fiona K. Allan ◽

Andrew R. Peters

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

East Coast ◽

Treatment Method ◽

East Coast Fever ◽

Simultaneous Treatment ◽

Safety And Efficacy ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Long Acting ◽

Meta Analyses

Immunisation of livestock with high quality vaccines is considered an essential approach to controlling many animal diseases. The only currently available commercial vaccine to protect cattle from East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria parva, is an unconventional “infection and treatment method” (ITM) involving administration of a combination of live T. parva isolates, referred to as the “Muguga cocktail”, and simultaneous treatment with long-acting oxytetracycline. Veterinary vaccine research and development typically involves studies designed to demonstrate vaccine quality, safety, and efficacy; however, as there were no such purpose-designed registration studies conducted for the Muguga cocktail, evidence for safety and efficacy is solely based on that which is available in the clinical literature. An extensive systematic review was conducted to analyse the evidence available in the literature in order to establish the safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. A combination of meta-analyses and narrative summaries was conducted. A total of 61 studies met the criteria to be included in the systematic review. The majority of studies demonstrated or reported in favour of the vaccine with regards to safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. Proximity to buffalo often resulted in reduced vaccine efficacy, and reports of shed and transmission of vaccine components affected the overall interpretation of safety. Better understanding of control options for this devastating livestock disease is important for policymakers and livestock keepers, enabling them to make informed decisions with regards to the health of their animals and their livelihoods.

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Rhipicephalus carnivoralis sp.nov. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) A new species of tick from East Africa

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s003118200007102x ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jane B. Walker

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Natural History ◽

East Africa ◽

East Coast ◽

British Museum ◽

Research Organization ◽

East Coast Fever ◽

East African ◽

Veterinary Research ◽

A New Species

A description is given of the male, female, nymph and larva of Rhipicephalus carnivoralis sp.nov., a parasite of carnivores in East Africa, and its affinities within the genus are discussed.Its developmental periods under laboratory conditions are given and its hosts and distribution in the field are recorded.The author wishes to thank the Director of the East African Veterinary Research Organization for permission to publish this paper. She is also most grateful to all who made field collections of this species for her; to the British Museum (Natural History), London, for the loan of specimens from their collection; to J. P. J. Ross for the loan of specimens from his collection and to D. W. Brocklesby and K. P. Bailey, who carried out the experiments on the transmission of East Coast fever. Dr G. Theiler, Mr G. H. Yeoman, Mr G. M. Kohls, Dr C. M. Clifford and Dr H. Hoogstraal kindly checked the manuscript before publication and made helpful suggestions. Finally, she would like to thank Professor P. C. C. Garnham and Dr Charles Wilcocks for their advice on the name of this tick.

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Immunisation against East Coast fever by the infection and treatment method: evaluation of the use of ice baths for field delivery and appraisal of an acid formulation of long-acting tetracycline

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00462-9 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 175-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T Marcotty ◽

M Billiouw ◽

G Chaka ◽

D Berkvens ◽

B Losson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

East Coast ◽

Treatment Method ◽

East Coast Fever ◽

Method Evaluation ◽

Acid Formulation ◽

Long Acting ◽

Infection And Treatment Method

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Long-acting oxytetracycline prophylaxis to protect susceptible cattle introduced into an area of Kenya with endemic East Coast fever

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.124.9.219 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 124 (9) ◽

pp. 219-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. Chumo ◽

A. Irvin ◽

S. Morzaria ◽

J. Katende ◽

R. Purnell

Keyword(s):

East Coast ◽

East Coast Fever ◽

Long Acting

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Interactions between chemotherapy and immunity in bovine theileriosis

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000075387 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 105 (S1) ◽

pp. S79-S84 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. E. G. Cox

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

East Coast ◽

Protective Immune Response ◽

East Coast Fever ◽

Routine Vaccination ◽

Theileria Parva ◽

Considerable Success ◽

Long Acting ◽

Bovine Theileriosis

SUMMARYIn bovine theileriosis the use of chemotherapy to control an infection sufficiently long to permit the establishment of a solid protective immune response has been developed as a routine vaccination procedure. Infections withTheileria parvaandT. annulatacan be prevented by the administration of carefully controlled numbers of sporozoites simultaneously with a long acting tetracycline and this form of immunization has been widely used for the control of East Coast fever in Africa with considerable success. In this review, the nature of the chemotherapy, the immune response and the interactions between chemotherapy and immunity in the development of infection-and-treatment immunization procedures are discussed.

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