scholarly journals Safety and Efficacy of the East Coast Fever Muguga Cocktail Vaccine: A Systematic Review

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1318
Author(s):  
Fiona K. Allan ◽  
Andrew R. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
East Coast Fever ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Veterinary Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Meta Analyses

Immunisation of livestock with high quality vaccines is considered an essential approach to controlling many animal diseases. The only currently available commercial vaccine to protect cattle from East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria parva, is an unconventional “infection and treatment method” (ITM) involving administration of a combination of live T. parva isolates, referred to as the “Muguga cocktail”, and simultaneous treatment with long-acting oxytetracycline. Veterinary vaccine research and development typically involves studies designed to demonstrate vaccine quality, safety, and efficacy; however, as there were no such purpose-designed registration studies conducted for the Muguga cocktail, evidence for safety and efficacy is solely based on that which is available in the clinical literature. An extensive systematic review was conducted to analyse the evidence available in the literature in order to establish the safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. A combination of meta-analyses and narrative summaries was conducted. A total of 61 studies met the criteria to be included in the systematic review. The majority of studies demonstrated or reported in favour of the vaccine with regards to safety and efficacy of the Muguga cocktail vaccine. Proximity to buffalo often resulted in reduced vaccine efficacy, and reports of shed and transmission of vaccine components affected the overall interpretation of safety. Better understanding of control options for this devastating livestock disease is important for policymakers and livestock keepers, enabling them to make informed decisions with regards to the health of their animals and their livelihoods.

scholarly journals The management and economics of east coast fever.

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-273
Author(s):  
Philip Toye ◽  
Henry Kiara ◽  
Onesmo ole-MoiYoi ◽  
Dolapo Enahoro ◽  
Karl M. Rich
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
East Coast Fever ◽  
East African ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
The Future ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Immunization Procedure ◽  
Long Acting

Abstract This book chapter tackles the management and economics of east coast fever. At about the time of ILRAD's establishment in 1973, a vaccination procedure was being developed at the East African Veterinary Research Organization (EAVRO) at Muguga, Kenya. The infection-and-treatment method (ITM) is an immunization procedure against ECF. It involves inoculation of live sporozoites of T. parva, usually in the form of a semi-purified homogenate of T. parva-infected ticks, combined with simultaneous treatment with a dose of a long-acting formulation of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. Whilst safe and very effective when administered correctly, production and delivery of this live ECF vaccine is complicated, expensive and time consuming, and at the time of ILRAD's founding, there were doubts as to whether such a procedure was commercially viable. The future for ILRI in the pathology and immunoparasitology of theileriosis will be guided by the vaccine, balanced against the evolving prospects for a subunit vaccine. The future in the epidemiology and economics of ECF management will be developing and evaluating current or novel control methods.

Long-acting oxytetracycline prophylaxis to protect susceptible cattle introduced into an area of Kenya with endemic East Coast fever

1989 ◽  
Vol 124 (9) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chumo ◽  
A. Irvin ◽  
S. Morzaria ◽  
J. Katende ◽  
R. Purnell
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
East Coast Fever ◽  
Long Acting

Interactions between chemotherapy and immunity in bovine theileriosis

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (S1) ◽  
pp. S79-S84 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. G. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Protective Immune Response ◽  
East Coast Fever ◽  
Routine Vaccination ◽  
Theileria Parva ◽  
Considerable Success ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Bovine Theileriosis

SUMMARYIn bovine theileriosis the use of chemotherapy to control an infection sufficiently long to permit the establishment of a solid protective immune response has been developed as a routine vaccination procedure. Infections withTheileria parvaandT. annulatacan be prevented by the administration of carefully controlled numbers of sporozoites simultaneously with a long acting tetracycline and this form of immunization has been widely used for the control of East Coast fever in Africa with considerable success. In this review, the nature of the chemotherapy, the immune response and the interactions between chemotherapy and immunity in the development of infection-and-treatment immunization procedures are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Conventional Chemotherapy in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumours: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A1015-A1016
Author(s):  
Anida Divanovic ◽  
Maralyn Rose Druce
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumours ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background: Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are a wide-ranging group of neoplasms originating from neuroendocrine cells. In 2014 NETs incidence was 7 per 100000 people annually. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of various types of chemotherapeutic agents on gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP NETs) and to determine which type of chemotherapy is the most effective for different tumour types, with minimum adverse events. To our knowledge, this study is the first systematic review that compares several types of chemotherapy and evaluates their safety and efficacy on GEP NETs. Methods: The study followed recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines on reporting systematic reviews. The literature search for this systematic review was conducted using the following databases and search engines: Cochrane library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, from 1963 to 2020. Results: The review comprised 26 observational studies, and 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The total number of subjects included in this study was 1783. Our study showed that the most effective treatment for Grade 3 NETs and Grade 3 neuroendocrine carcinomas was cisplatin/etoposide. Furthermore, capecitabin/temozolomide therapy has been shown to be most effective in Grade 1 and Grade 2 NETs. Conclusion: Therapy with two chemotherapeutic agents has been shown to be more effective than monotherapy and therapy with three chemotherapeutic agents. Unfortunately, our study has limitations and we urgently need RCTs or larger observational studies that will contain all the necessary efficacy and safety tools, and thus provide answers to our clinical questions.

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