Bank information monopoly and trade credit: do only banks have information about small businesses?

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 981-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Tsuruta
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Information Monopoly

The History of Credit in America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena Olegario
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Student Loans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
World War ◽  
Private Credit ◽  
The Government ◽  
Home Mortgages

The United States is a nation built on credit, both public and private. This article focuses on private credit: that is, credit extended to businesses and consumers by private entities such as banks, other businesses, and retail stores. Business credit involves short-term lending for items such as inventories, payroll, and the like; and long-term lending for the building of factories, offices, and other physical plant. Trade credit, bank loans, bonds, and commercial paper are all forms of business credit. Consumer credit is extended to individuals or households to fund purchases ranging from basic necessities to homes. Informal store credits, installment sales, personal loans from banks and other institutions, credit cards, home mortgages, and student loans are forms of consumer credit. Until the 20th century, the federal government remained mostly uninvolved in the private credit markets. Then, after World War I and especially during the Great Depression, the government deliberately expanded the credit available for certain targeted groups, such as farmers and home buyers. After World War II the government helped to expand lending even further, this time to small businesses and students. Mostly the government accomplished its goal not through lending directly but by insuring the loans made by private entities, thereby encouraging them to make more loans. In the case of home mortgages and student loans, the government took the lead in creating a national market for securitized debt—debt that is turned into securities, such as bonds, and offered to investors—through the establishment of government-sponsored enterprises, nicknamed Fannie Mae (1938), Ginnie Mae (1968), Freddie Mac (1970), and Sallie Mae (1972). Innovations such as these by businesses and government made credit increasingly available to ordinary people, whose attitudes toward borrowing changed accordingly.

scholarly journals The Role of Trade Credit in Activities of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
E.A. Panova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Accounts Payable ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Return On Sales

Trade credit has a special meaning for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). When they act as a supplier, it allows them to increase sales and cash flows, and helps establish and maintain permanent relationships with clients. Deferred payment provision is a tool for non-price competition, giving a client time to make sure of product quality. Trade credit as a financial source is an important alternative to bank lending. The article is devoted to studying the determinants of accounts payable in Russian industrial SMEs.It is based on the financial indicators calculated using the SMEs’ accounting statements for the period 2010–2018, published by Rosstat. The statistical data analysis has led to the conclusion that accounts payable are the main borrowed financial source for Russian industrial SMEs. The results of the regression analysis demonstrate a direct dependence of the accounts payable amount on sales growth and a reverse dependence of the former on the liquidity both in small and medium enterprises. Small businesses are also characterized by a negative relationship between return on sales and the accounts payable amount.

scholarly journals Production/Inventory Policies for a Two-Echelon System with Credit Period Incentives

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Beatriz Abdul-Jalbar ◽  
Roberto Dorta-Guerra ◽  
José M. Gutiérrez ◽  
Joaquín Sicilia
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Credit Period ◽  
Purchasing Cost ◽  
Deterministic Demand ◽  
Single Vendor ◽  
Production Inventory ◽  
Integrated Policy ◽  
Credit Financing

Trade credit is a crucial source of capital particularly for small businesses with limited financing opportunities. Inventory models considering trade credit financing have been widely studied. However, while there is extensive research on the single-vendor single-buyer inventory model allowing delays in payments, the systems where the vendor supplies to more than one buyer have received less attention. In this paper, we analyze a two-echelon inventory system where a single vendor supplies an item to two buyers who face a constant deterministic demand. The vendor produces the items at a finite rate and offers the buyers a delay payment period. That is, the buyers can delay the payment for the purchased items until the end of the credit period. Therefore, during such a period, the buyers sell the items and use the sales revenue to earn interest. At the end of the credit period, the buyers should pay the purchasing cost to the vendor for which external funding may be necessary. It is widely accepted that, in general, centralized policies reduce the total cost of the supply chain. Therefore, we first deal with an integrated model assuming that the vendor and the buyers make decisions jointly. However, in some cases, the buyers are not willing to collaborate, and the management of the supply chain has to be carried out in a decentralized manner. Hence, we also address the problem under a non-cooperative setting. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate both models. Additionally, we perform a computational experiment to compare both strategies, and a sensitivity analysis of the parameters is also carried out. From the results, we derived that, in general, it was more profitable to follow the integrated policy excepting when the replenishment costs for the buyers were high. Finally, in order to validate the computational results, a statistical analysis is performed.

Small Industry, Gimmicks and Moscow Statistics, or How the Small Russian Enterprise Came into the World (Russian Physiological Sketch, 1830-1840)

2009 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Yu. Golubitsky
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Enterprise ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
Xix Century

The article considers business practices of Moscow small industry in the XIX century, basing upon physiological sketches of N. Polevoy and I. Kokorev, statistical data and the classification of professions are also presented. The author claims that the heroes of the analyzed sketches are the forefathers of Moscow small businesses and shows what a deep similarity their occupations and a way of life bear to the present-day routine existence of small enterprises.

The effect of credit guarantee on creating employment and keeping employees of small businesses

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-58
Author(s):  
Sung-ho Kang ◽  
Chang-Kyun Chae ◽  
오승현 ◽  
문외솔 ◽  
Chong Ook Rhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Credit Guarantee

Matching Innovation Strategy to the Lifecycle of the Firm

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Innovation Strategies

This exploratory study looks at the innovation strategies employed during specific stages of the firm lifecycle for small businesses. The study locates and uncovers seven themes surrounding the intersection of innovation strategies and the different stages of the firm. In so doing, future directions to answer the questions uncovered by this exploratory study are suggested.

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