Determination of Diazepam in Forensic Toxicology

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-29
Author(s):  
Lynn Corley Smart
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Toxicology

Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption in Body Fluids - Possibilities and Limitations of Application in Toxicological Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Kacper Woźniak ◽  
Marek Wiergowski ◽  
Jacek Namieśnik ◽  
Marek Biziuk
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Glucuronide ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Analytical Toxicology ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Toxicological Analysis

Background:Ethyl alcohol is the most popular legal drug, but its excessive consumption causes social problems. Despite many public campaigns against alcohol use, car accidents, instances of aggressive behaviour, sexual assaults and deterioration in labor productivity caused by inebriated people is still commonplace. Fast and easy diagnosis of alcohol consumption is required in order to introduce proper and effective therapy, and is crucial in forensic toxicology analysis. The easiest method to prove alcohol intake is determination of ethanol in body fluids or in breath. However, since ethanol is rapidly metabolized in the human organism, only recent consumption can be detected using this method. Because of that, the determination of alcohol biomarkers was introduced for monitoring alcohol consumption over a wider range of time.Objective:The objective of this study was to review published studies focusing on the sample preparation methods and chromatographic or biochemical techniques for the determination of alcohol biomarkers in whole blood, plasma, serum and urine.Methods:An electronic literature search was performed to discuss possibilities and limitations of application of alcohol biomarkers in toxicological analysis.Results:Authors described the markers of alcohol consumption such as: ethanol, its nonoxidative metabolites (ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, phosphatidylethanol, ethyl phosphate, fatty acid ethyl esters) and oxidative metabolites (acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde adducts). We also discussed issues concerning the detection window of these biomarkers, and possibilities and limitations of their use in routine analytical toxicology for monitoring alcohol consumption or sobriety during alcohol therapy.

Simultaneous and Sensitive Determination of Amphetamine, Codeine and Morphine in Exhaled Breath Condensate, Using Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with On-line and Off-line Enhancing Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 872-879
Author(s):  
Samin Hamidi
Keyword(s):  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Analytical Signal ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Breath Condensate

Background: Abuse of drugs is associated with several medical, forensic, toxicology and social challenges. “Drugs of abuse” testing is therefore an important issue. Objective: We propose a simple CE-based method for the quantification of amphetamine, codeine and morphine after direct injection of Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) by the aid of simple stacking mode and an off-line pre-concentration method. Methods: Using graphene oxide adsorbents, amphetamine, codeine and morphine were extracted from EBC in order to eliminate the proteins and other interferences. In addition to off-line method, an online stacking mode was applied to improve the analytical signal obtained from the instrument. Results: The validation parameters were experimented on the developed method based on the FDA guideline over concentration ranges of 12.5-100, 30-500 and 10-1250 ng/mL associated with amphetamine, codeine and morphine, respectively. Small volumes (around 100 μL) of EBC were collected using a lab-made setup and successfully analyzed using the proposed method where precisions and accuracies (within day and between days) were in accordance with the guideline (recommended less than 15 % for biological samples). The recovery tests were used to evaluate the matrix effect and data (94 to 105 %) showed that the proposed method can be applied in different EBC matrix samplings of subjects. Conclusion: The proposed method is superior for simultaneous determination of amphetamine, codeine and morphine over chromatographic analyses because it is fast and consumes fewer chemicals, with no derivatization step.

Evaluation of the Methods Used for Carboxyhemoglobin Analysis in Postmortem Blood

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassiliki A. Boumba ◽  
Theodore Vougiouklakis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Acceptable Accuracy ◽  
Postmortem Blood ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation ◽  
Automated Instruments

Numerous methods have been described in the literature for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in whole blood. The most popular and widely used have been (1) the spectrophotometric methods, which could be performed either by using a conventional spectrophotometer or by using specialized automated instruments known as CO-oximeters; (2) the gas chromatographic methods, with variable detection systems, which have been considered as the reference methods for every carbon monoxide analysis. The authors have critically reviewed previously reported comparative studies on these methods, considering statistical and analytical matters, in order to propose the best method for the determination of COHb in postmortem blood, that could be utilized in forensic toxicology laboratories where such analyses are limited in number (less than 20 per year). Criteria for evaluation have been accuracy, reliability, simplicity, time, and cost. The authors’ concluding statement has been that the manual spectrophotometric method could be the method of choice for COHb determination in postmortem blood samples. It is simple, rapid, and reliable and fulfills the forensically acceptable accuracy. It is performed by the use of a conventional spectrophotometer, which is considered a basic instrument in every analytical laboratory.

Sensitive and specific multiresidue methods for the determination of pesticides of various classes in clinical and forensic toxicology

2001 ◽  
Vol 121 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lacassie ◽  
Pierre Marquet ◽  
Jean-Michel Gaulier ◽  
Marie-Françoise Dreyfuss ◽  
Gérard Lachâtre
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Clinical And Forensic Toxicology

Alcohol distribution in different postmortem body fluids

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
B S De Martinis ◽  
C MC de Paula ◽  
A Braga ◽  
H T Moreira ◽  
C CS Martin
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Heart Blood ◽  
Femoral Blood ◽  
Correlation Tests ◽  
Blood Specimens

Aims: The determination of postmortem ethanol is one of the most frequently requested analyses in forensic toxicology and of extreme importance, especially when the concentration is found to be above the legal level for intoxication at one sampling site and below that level at another sampling site. Because of the unavailability of blood samples for toxicological analysis or even contaminated samples, there is an enormous effort to find alternative sampling sites, such as vitreous humor for ethanol analysis. The main purpose of this study was to establish correlations between urine and blood alcohol concentrations collected from different sites and vitreous humor. Methods: Ethanol concentrations were determined in specimens of heart, subclavian and femoral blood, urine and vitreous humor, collected from 21 cadavers who were victims of different causes of death. Determinations of ethanol were performed in duplicate using capillary gas chromatography/flame ionization detector and headspace techniques. Results: Statistical analysis of the results indicated that there were no significant differences among urine and blood samples collected from different sites compared to vitreous humor. Regarding vitreous humor ethanol concentration, Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.97 for femoral blood and urine, 0.96 for heart blood and 0.94 for subclavian blood. The results demonstrated that all the fluids tested against vitreous humor significantly correlated with P (associated probability for the used correlation tests) B<0.05. Conclusions: Vitreous humor can be considered as an alternative sample to urine and blood specimens.

scholarly journals The tooth as an alternative matrix in forensic toxicology: application to the determination of benzodiazepines

2010 ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
O. Quintela ◽  
M. Mon ◽  
P. Blanco ◽  
A. de Castro ◽  
M. Lopez-Rivadulla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Toxicology

scholarly journals Determination of Cyanide in Blood for Forensic Toxicology Purposes—A Novel Nci Gc-Ms/Ms Technique

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5638
Author(s):  
Marcin Osak ◽  
Grzegorz Buszewicz ◽  
Jacek Baj ◽  
Grzegorz Teresiński
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Matrix Interferences ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Pentafluorobenzyl Bromide

One of the recently evolving methods for cyanide determination in body fluids is GC-MS, following extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide or pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulfonate. The aim of this study was to improve previous GC methods by utilizing a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, which could enhance selectivity and sensitivity allowing for the reliable confirmation of cyanide exposure in toxicological studies. Another purpose of this study was to facilitate a case investigation including a determination of cyanide in blood and to use the obtained data to confirm the ingestion of a substance, found together with a human corpse at the forensic scene. The blood samples were prepared following extractive alkylation with a phase transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium sulfate and the PFB-Br derivatization agent. Optimal parameters for detection, including ionization type and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions had been investigated and then selected. The validation parameters for the above method were as follows—linear regression R2 = 0.9997 in the range of 0.1 µg/mL to 10 µg/mL; LOD = 24 ng/mL; LOQ = 80 ng/mL and an average recovery of extraction of 98%. Our study demonstrates the first attempt of cyanide determination in blood with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The established method could be applied in forensic studies due to MS/MS confirmation of organic cyanide derivative and low matrix interferences owning to utilizing negative chemical ionization.

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