Four generations of a kindred suffering from congenital Factor VII deficiency have been studied. The defect is transmitted as an autosomal recessive character with homozygotes having < 1% Factor VII procoagulant activity, and heterozygotes between 20-50%. Homozygotes suffer from epistaxis, menorrhagia, easy bruising, haemarthrosis, and excess bleeding after dental extraction. Heterozygotes are asymptomatic. Antibody neutralisation tests using a monospecific rabbit antihuman Factor VII antibody demonstrated in the three homozygotes and their heterozygous parents the presence of Factor VII antigen in excess of Factor VII procoagulant activity. The abnormality is therefore the result of a functionally abnormal molecule and not a true deficiency of Factor VII. When the homozygous plasmas were tested in the prothrombin time test, a progressive diminution in sensitivity to the Factor VII deficiency was observed with human, rabbit and ox tissue thromboplastins. Differences were however small and the total insensitivity to ox brain thromboplastin characteristic of Factor VII Padua was not observed.