Investigation of Rules for Dealing With Outliers in Small Samples from the Normal Distribution: I: Estimation of the Mean

Technometrics ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin Guttman ◽  
Dennis E. Smith
Blood ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1132-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN CAPTAIN SABINE

Abstract A method for determining erythrocyte cholinesterase titers on small samples of whole blood is described in detail. The method is one which requires little special equipment and can be used by any competent technician. Data for erythrocyte cholinesterase are presented on a group of 101 normal adults, and it is shown that the observed data fit the normal distribution. Eighteen children, aged three months to ten years, all had values within the adult distribution, and the mean value was the same as that for adults. Seven newborn babies all had values at or below the lower limit for adults.


1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Brunner ◽  
N. Neumann

SummaryThe mathematical basis of Zelen’s suggestion [4] of pre randomizing patients in a clinical trial and then asking them for their consent is investigated. The first problem is to estimate the therapy and selection effects. In the simple prerandomized design (PRD) this is possible without any problems. Similar observations have been made by Anbar [1] and McHugh [3]. However, for the double PRD additional assumptions are needed in order to render therapy and selection effects estimable. The second problem is to determine the distribution of the statistics. It has to be taken into consideration that the sample sizes are random variables in the PRDs. This is why the distribution of the statistics can only be determined asymptotically, even under the assumption of normal distribution. The behaviour of the statistics for small samples is investigated by means of simulations, where the statistics considered in the present paper are compared with the statistics suggested by Ihm [2]. It turns out that the statistics suggested in [2] may lead to anticonservative decisions, whereas the “canonical statistics” suggested by Zelen [4] and considered in the present paper keep the level quite well or may lead to slightly conservative decisions, if there are considerable selection effects.


2018 ◽  
Vol 934 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
V.I. Salnikov

The question of calculating the limiting values of residuals in geodesic constructions is considered in the case when the limiting value for measurement errors is assumed equal to 3m, ie ∆рred = 3m, where m is the mean square error of the measurement. Larger errors are rejected. At present, the limiting value for the residual is calculated by the formula 3m√n, where n is the number of measurements. The article draws attention to two contradictions between theory and practice arising from the use of this formula. First, the formula is derived from the classical law of the normal Gaussian distribution, and it is applied to the truncated law of the normal distribution. And, secondly, as shown in [1], when ∆рred = 2m, the sums of errors naturally take the value equal to ?pred, after which the number of errors in the sum starts anew. This article establishes its validity for ∆рred = 3m. A table of comparative values of the tolerances valid and recommended for more stringent ones is given. The article gives a graph of applied and recommended tolerances for ∆рred = 3m.


2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Lai ◽  
G. R. Wood ◽  
C. G. Qiao
Keyword(s):  

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