Vaccinating the economy against Covid-19: ex post revenue insurance for firms and households to sustain economic confidence and aggregate demand

Author(s):  
Richard Meade
Author(s):  
Michal Andrle ◽  
Andrew Berg ◽  
Enrico Berkes ◽  
R. Armando Morales ◽  
Rafael Portillo ◽  
...  

The framework in Chapter 15 is extended to incorporate an explicit role for money aggregates, with an application to Kenya. The chapter provides a general specification that can nest various types of money targeting (ranging from targets based on optimal money demand forecasts to those derived from simple money growth rules), interest-rate based frameworks, and intermediate cases. A novel interpretation of target misses in terms of structural shocks (aggregate demand, policy, shocks to money demand, etc.) is presented. In the case of Kenya, the authors find that: (i) the setting of money targets is consistent with money demand forecasting, (ii) targets have not played a systematic role in monetary policy, and (iii) target misses mainly reflect shocks to money demand. Simulations of the model under alternative policy specifications show that the stronger the ex post target adherence, the greater the macroeconomic volatility.


Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Donglei Yu ◽  
Muhammad Khalid Anser ◽  
Michael Yao-Ping Peng ◽  
Abdelmohsen A. Nassani ◽  
Sameh E. Askar ◽  
...  

The service industry provides distributive services, producer services, personal services, and social services. These services largely breakdowns due to restrictions on border movements, confined travel and transportation services, a decline in international tourists’ visitation, nationwide lockdowns, and maintaining social distancing in the population. Although these measures are highly needed to contain coronavirus, it decreases economic and financial activities in a country, which requires smart solutions to globally subsidize the services sector. The study used different COVID-19 measures, and its resulting impact on the services industry by using world aggregated data from 1975 through 2020. The study benefited from the Keynesian theory of aggregate demand that remains provided a solution to minimize economic shocks through stringent or liberalizing economic policies. The COVID-19 pandemic is more severe than the financial shocks of 2018 that affected almost all sectors of the globalized world, particularly the services sector, which has been severally affected by COVID-19; it is a high time to revisit economic policies to control pandemic recession. The study used quantiles regression and innovation accounting matrix to obtain ex-ante and ex-post analysis. The quantile regression estimates show that causes of death by communicable diseases, including COVID-19, mainly decline the share of services value added to the global GDP at different quantiles distribution. In contrast, word-of-mouth helps to prevent it from the transmission channel of coronavirus plague through information sharing among the general masses. The control of food prices and managing physical distancing reduces suspected coronavirus cases; however, it negatively affects the services sector’s value share. The smart lockdown and sound economic activities do not decrease coronavirus cases, while they support increasing the percentage of the services sector to the global GDP. The innovation accounting matrix suggested that smart lockdown, managing physical distancing, effective price control, and sound financial activities will help to reduce coronavirus cases that will further translate into increased services value-added for the next ten years. The social distancing will exert a more considerable variance error shock to the services industry, which indicates the viability of these measures to contained novel coronavirus over a time horizon. The study used the number of proxies to the COVID-19 measures on the service sector that can be continued with real-time variables to obtain more inferences.


2020 ◽  
pp. 31-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna A. Pestova ◽  
Natalia A. Rostova

Is the Bank of Russia able to control inflation and, at the same time, manage aggregate demand using its interest rate instruments? In other words, are empirical estimates of the effects of monetary policy in Russia consistent with the theoretical concepts and experience of advanced economies? This paper is aimed at addressing these issues. Unlike previous research, we employ “big data” — a large dataset of macroeconomic and financial data — to estimate the effects of monetary policy in Russia. We focus exclusively on the period after the 2008—2009 global financial crisis when the Bank of Russia announced the abandoning of its fixed ruble exchange rate regime and started to gradually transit to an interest rate management. Our estimation results do not confirm standard responses of key economic activity and price variables to tightening of monetary policy. Specifically, our estimates do not reveal a statistically significant restraining effect of the Bank of Russia’s policy of high interest rates on inflation in recent years. At the same time, we find a significant deteriorating effect of the monetary tightening on economic activity indicators: according to our conservative estimates, each of the key rate increases occurred in March and December 2014 had led to a decrease in the industrial production index by about 0.2 percentage points within a year.


2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Tarmidzi Tarmidzi
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur hubungan pola asuh orang tua terhadap psychological self concept anak usia sekolah dasar serta menganalisis psychological self concept anak usia sekolah dasar sesuai tipe pola asuh orang tuanya.  Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode Penelitian Ex Post Facto.Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 30 orang tua dan siswa SD Negeri 2 Kemantren Kabupaten Cirebon.  Berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi Pearson Product Moment (rppm) didapatkan nilai korelasi r = 0,301 dengan interpretasi hubungan yang rendah antara pola asuh orang tua dengan psychological self concept siswa.  Sedangkan P-Value yang didapat = 0,106 (P-Value> 0,01)  sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan psychological self concept siswa.  Meskipun terdapat orang tua yang memiliki pola asuh otoriter, tetapi psychological self concept anaknya tetap dalam interpretasi baik. Kata kunci :     Pola Asuh Orang Tua;Psychological Self Concept


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 910-918
Author(s):  
Lucia Svabova ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Borik ◽  
Marek Durica ◽  
Johanna Grudin ◽  
...  

Active labour market policy interventions are vide used tool of a government against unemployment. One of the most frequently used intervention for young jobseekers in Slovakia is a Contribution for Graduate practice. This measure is intended for young unemployed jobseekers as a tool of gaining first contact with the open labour market and with potential employer and gaining first work experiences. In this paper we present a qualitative survey of Graduate practice that was made as an ex-post evaluation of this intervention by its participants in Slovakia. This evaluation of the intervention was carried out at the request of the European Commission not only in Slovakia but also in several countries of the European Union. The qualitative evaluation, as a part of this rigorous intervention evaluation, provides feedback from the real intervention participants and brings some suggestions to improve the parameters and conditions of Graduate practice intervention and its realization. These improvements are useful not only for participants themselves, for companies in which young graduates are employed but also for the state budget in the form of returned or saved invested funds because of better functioning of the intervention. Based on the results of this feedback from its real participants, some parameters, conditions and details of the Graduate practice intervention have been changed and added in Slovakia.


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