The effects of carbohydrate supplementation during repeated bouts of prolonged exercise on saliva flow rate and immunoglobulin A

This study investigated the effect of a fed or fasted state on the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) response to prolonged cycling. Using a randomized, crossover design, 16 active adults (8 men and 8 women) performed 2 hr of cycling on a stationary ergometer at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake on 1 occasion after an overnight fast (FAST) and on another occasion 2 hr after consuming a 2.2-MJ high-carbohydrate meal (FED). Timed, unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected immediately before ingestion of the meal, immediately preexercise, 5 min before cessation of exercise, immediately postexercise, and 1 hr postexercise. The samples were analyzed for s-IgA concentration, osmolality, and cortisol, and saliva flow rates were determined to calculate s-IgA secretion rate. Saliva flow rate decreased by 50% during exercise (p < .05), and s-IgA concentration increased by 42% (p < .05), but s-IgA secretion rate remained unchanged. There was a 37% reduction in s-IgA:osmolality postexercise (p < .05), and salivary cortisol increased by 68% (p < .05). There was no effect of FED vs. FAST on these salivary responses. The s-IgA concentration, secretion rate, and osmolality were found to be significantly lower in women than in men throughout the exercise protocol (p < .05); however, there was no difference between genders in saliva flow rate, s-IgA:osmolality ratio, or cortisol. These data demonstrate that a fed or fasted state 2 hr before exercise does not influence resting s-IgA or the response to prolonged cycling. Furthermore, these results show lower levels of s-IgA and osmolality in women than in men at rest.

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Exercise intensity and its impact on relationships between salivary immunoglobulin A, saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentration

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-018-3847-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 118 (6) ◽

pp. 1179-1187 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Christof A. Leicht ◽

Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey ◽

Nicolette C. Bishop

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Plasma Cortisol ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽

Saliva Flow Rate ◽

Saliva Flow ◽

Salivary Immunoglobulin A

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The Effects of Postexercise Feeding on Saliva Antimicrobial Proteins

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.184 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 184-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ricardo J.S. Costa ◽

Matthew B. Fortes ◽

Katharine Richardson ◽

James L.J. Bilzon ◽

Neil P. Walsh

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Prolonged Exercise ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Proteins ◽

Minimal Impact ◽

Saliva Flow Rate ◽

Unstimulated Saliva ◽

Lysozyme Concentration ◽

Saliva Flow ◽

Secretion Rates

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) drink consumed immediately after endurance exercise on saliva antimicrobial proteins known to be important for host defense. Eleven male runners ran for 2 hr at 75% VO2max on 2 occasions and immediately postexercise were provided, in randomized order, either a placebo solution (CON) or a CHO-PRO solution containing 1.2 g CHO/kg body mass (BM) and 0.4 g PRO/kg BM (CHO-PRO). The solutions were flavor and volume equivalent (12 ml/kg BM). Saliva flow rate, lysozyme, α-amylase, and secretory (S) IgA concentrations were determined from unstimulated saliva samples collected preexercise, immediately postexercise, and every 30 min until 180 min postexercise. CHO-PRO ingestion immediately postexercise resulted in a lower saliva flow rate than with CON at 30 and 60 min postexercise. Saliva lysozyme concentration increased immediately postexercise in both trials compared with preexercise (p< .05), and CHO-PRO ingestion immediately postexercise resulted in a higher saliva lysozyme concentration in the first hour of recovery than with CON (125% greater at 30 min, 94% greater at 60 min; p< .01). Saliva SIgA concentration decreased below preexercise concentrations 90–150 min postexercise (p< .001), with no effect of CHO-PRO. Saliva α-amylase activity was unaffected by exercise or CHO-PRO refeeding. CHO-PRO refeeding did not alter the secretion rates of any saliva variables during recovery. In conclusion, immediate refeeding with CHO-PRO evoked a greater saliva lysozyme concentration during the first hour of recovery after prolonged exercise than ingestion of placebo but had minimal impact on saliva α-amylase and SIgA responses.

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