An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: The influence of attention, memory, and executive function processes on real-world prospective memory

Neuropsychological Battery ◽

Research Paradigms ◽

Planning Ability ◽

Delayed Recognition ◽

Studies on prospective memory (PM) predominantly assess either event- or time-based PM by implementing non-ecological laboratory-based tasks. The results deriving from these paradigms have provided findings that are discrepant with ecologically valid research paradigms that converge on the complexity and cognitive demands of everyday tasks. The Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), an immersive virtual reality (VR) neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity, was implemented to assess everyday event- and time-based PM, as well as the influence of other cognitive functions on everyday PM functioning. The results demonstrated the importance of delayed recognition, planning, and visuospatial attention on everyday PM. Delayed recognition and planning ability were found to be central in event- and time-based PM respectively. In order of importance, delayed recognition, visuospatial attention speed, and planning ability were found to be involved in event-based PM functioning. Comparably, planning, visuospatial attention accuracy, delayed recognition, and multitasking/task-shifting ability were found to be involved in time-based PM functioning. These findings further suggest the importance of ecological validity in the study of PM, which may be achieved using immersive VR paradigms.

An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: the influence of attention, memory, and executive function processes on real-world prospective memory.

10.36227/techrxiv.14069012.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Panagiotis Kourtesis ◽

Sarah E. MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Visuospatial Attention ◽

Neuropsychological Battery ◽

Research Paradigms ◽

Planning Ability ◽

Delayed Recognition ◽

Studies on prospective memory (PM) predominantly assess either event- or time-based PM by implementing non-ecological laboratory-based tasks. The results deriving from these paradigms have provided findings that are discrepant with ecologically valid research paradigms that converge on the complexity and cognitive demands of everyday tasks. The Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), an immersive virtual reality (VR) neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity, was implemented to assess everyday event- and time-based PM, as well as the influence of other cognitive functions on everyday PM functioning. The results demonstrated the importance of delayed recognition, planning, and visuospatial attention on everyday PM. Delayed recognition and planning ability were found to be central in event- and time-based PM respectively. In order of importance, delayed recognition, visuospatial attention speed, and planning ability were found to be involved in event-based PM functioning. Comparably, planning, visuospatial attention accuracy, delayed recognition, and multitasking/task-shifting ability were found to be involved in time-based PM functioning. These findings further suggest the importance of ecological validity in the study of PM, which may be achieved using immersive VR paradigms.

An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: the effects of delay and task type on everyday prospective memory.

10.31234/osf.io/e3kbx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Panagiotis Kourtesis ◽

Simona Collina ◽

Leonidas A. A. Doumas ◽

Sarah E. MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Task Type ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks ◽

Cue Focality ◽

Methodological Considerations ◽

Everyday Performance ◽

Recent research has focused on assessing either event- or time-based prospective memory (PM) using laboratory tasks. Yet, the findings pertaining to PM performance on laboratory tasks are often inconsistent with the findings on corresponding naturalistic experiments. Ecologically valid neuropsychological tasks resemble the complexity and cognitive demands of everyday tasks, offer an adequate level of experimental control, and allow a generalisation of the findings to everyday performance. The Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), an immersive virtual reality neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity, was implemented to comprehensively assess everyday PM (i.e., focal and non-focal event-based, and time-based). The effects of the length of delay between encoding and initiating the PM intention and the type of PM task on everyday PM performance were examined. The results revealed that everyday PM performance was affected by the length of delay rather than the type of PM task. The effect of the length of delay differentially affected performance on the focal, non-focal, and time-based tasks and was proportional to the PM cue focality (i.e., semantic relationship with the intended action). This study also highlighted methodological considerations such as the differentiation between functioning and ability, distinction of cue attributes, and the necessity of ecological validity.

An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: the effects of delay and task type on everyday prospective memory.

10.36227/techrxiv.14069003 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Panagiotis Kourtesis ◽

Simona Collina ◽

Leonidas A. A. Doumas ◽

Sarah E. MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Task Type ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks ◽

Cue Focality ◽

Methodological Considerations ◽

Everyday Performance ◽

Recent research has focused on assessing either event- or time-based prospective memory (PM) using laboratory tasks. Yet, the findings pertaining to PM performance on laboratory tasks are often inconsistent with the findings on corresponding naturalistic experiments. Ecologically valid neuropsychological tasks resemble the complexity and cognitive demands of everyday tasks, offer an adequate level of experimental control, and allow a generalisation of the findings to everyday performance. The Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), an immersive virtual reality neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity, was implemented to comprehensively assess everyday PM (i.e., focal and non-focal event-based, and time-based). The effects of the length of delay between encoding and initiating the PM intention and the type of PM task on everyday PM performance were examined. The results revealed that everyday PM performance was affected by the length of delay rather than the type of PM task. The effect of the length of delay differentially affected performance on the focal, non-focal, and time-based tasks and was proportional to the PM cue focality (i.e., semantic relationship with the intended action). This study also highlighted methodological considerations such as the differentiation between functioning and ability, distinction of cue attributes, and the necessity of ecological validity.

An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: the effects of delay and task type on everyday prospective memory.

10.36227/techrxiv.14069003.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Panagiotis Kourtesis ◽

Simona Collina ◽

Leonidas A. A. Doumas ◽

Sarah E. MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Task Type ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks ◽

Cue Focality ◽

Methodological Considerations ◽

Everyday Performance ◽

Recent research has focused on assessing either event- or time-based prospective memory (PM) using laboratory tasks. Yet, the findings pertaining to PM performance on laboratory tasks are often inconsistent with the findings on corresponding naturalistic experiments. Ecologically valid neuropsychological tasks resemble the complexity and cognitive demands of everyday tasks, offer an adequate level of experimental control, and allow a generalisation of the findings to everyday performance. The Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), an immersive virtual reality neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity, was implemented to comprehensively assess everyday PM (i.e., focal and non-focal event-based, and time-based). The effects of the length of delay between encoding and initiating the PM intention and the type of PM task on everyday PM performance were examined. The results revealed that everyday PM performance was affected by the length of delay rather than the type of PM task. The effect of the length of delay differentially affected performance on the focal, non-focal, and time-based tasks and was proportional to the PM cue focality (i.e., semantic relationship with the intended action). This study also highlighted methodological considerations such as the differentiation between functioning and ability, distinction of cue attributes, and the necessity of ecological validity.

An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: the effects of delay and task type on everyday prospective memory

Memory ◽

10.1080/09658211.2021.1904996 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Panagiotis Kourtesis ◽

Simona Collina ◽

Leonidas A. A. Doumas ◽

Sarah E. MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Task Type ◽

Event Based ◽

And Task

An ecologically valid examination of event-based and time-based prospective memory using immersive virtual reality: the influence of attention, memory, and executive function processes on real-world prospective memory.

10.36227/techrxiv.14069012 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Panagiotis Kourtesis ◽

Sarah E. MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Visuospatial Attention ◽

Neuropsychological Battery ◽

Research Paradigms ◽

Planning Ability ◽

Delayed Recognition ◽

Studies on prospective memory (PM) predominantly assess either event- or time-based PM by implementing non-ecological laboratory-based tasks. The results deriving from these paradigms have provided findings that are discrepant with ecologically valid research paradigms that converge on the complexity and cognitive demands of everyday tasks. The Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), an immersive virtual reality (VR) neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity, was implemented to assess everyday event- and time-based PM, as well as the influence of other cognitive functions on everyday PM functioning. The results demonstrated the importance of delayed recognition, planning, and visuospatial attention on everyday PM. Delayed recognition and planning ability were found to be central in event- and time-based PM respectively. In order of importance, delayed recognition, visuospatial attention speed, and planning ability were found to be involved in event-based PM functioning. Comparably, planning, visuospatial attention accuracy, delayed recognition, and multitasking/task-shifting ability were found to be involved in time-based PM functioning. These findings further suggest the importance of ecological validity in the study of PM, which may be achieved using immersive VR paradigms.

Guidelines for Immersive Virtual Reality in Psychological Research

10.31234/osf.io/p326n ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Madis Vasser ◽

Jaan Aru

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Real World ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Psychological Research ◽

Research Tool ◽

Research Paradigms ◽

Research Questions ◽

Practical Recommendations

Virtual reality (VR) holds immense promise as a research tool to deliver results that are generalizable to the real world. However, the methodology used in different VR studies varies substantially. While many of these approaches claim to use “immersive VR”, the different hardware and software choices lead to issues regarding reliability and validity of psychological VR research. Questions arise about quantifying presence, the optimal level of graphical realism, the problem of being in dual-realities and reproducibility of VR research. We discuss how VR research paradigms could be evaluated and offer a list of practical recommendations to have common guidelines for psychological VR research.

Immersive Virtual Reality Implementations in Developmental Psychology

10.31234/osf.io/ga8sz ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paola Araiza-Alba ◽

Therese Keane ◽

Jennifer L Beaudry ◽

Jordy Kaufman

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Neuropsychological Assessment ◽

Real World ◽

Developmental Psychology ◽

Skills Training ◽

Substantial Improvement ◽

Virtual Reality Technology ◽

The Real

In recent years, immersive virtual reality technology (IVR) has seen a substantial improvement in its quality, affordability, and ability to simulate the real world. Virtual reality in psychology can be used for three basic purposes: immersion, simulation, and a combination of both. While the psychological implementations of IVR have been predominately used with adults, this review seeks to update our knowledge about the uses and effectiveness of IVR with children. Specifically, its use as a tool for pain distraction, neuropsychological assessment, and skills training. Results showed that IVR is a useful tool when it is used either for immersive or simulative purposes (e.g., pain distraction, neuropsychological assessment), but when its use requires both simulation (of the real world) and immersion (e.g., a vivid environment), it is trickier to implement effectively.

A Novel Approach for Assessing Prospective Memory Using Immersive Virtual Reality Task

Psychology ◽

10.4236/psych.2016.710133 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 07 (10) ◽

pp. 1315-1325 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dong Dong ◽

Lawrence K. F. Wong ◽

Zhiwei Luo

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Novel Approach