The problematic legacy of victim specimens from the Nazi era: Identifying the persons behind the specimens at the Max Planck Institutes for Brain Research and of Psychiatry

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Hubert Simon (Jim) Markl. 17 August 1938—8 January 2015

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ◽

10.1098/rsbm.2021.0010 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Axel Meyer ◽

Jürgen Mittelstraß

Keyword(s):

Science Policy ◽

Historical Analysis ◽

Science And Society ◽

Max Planck ◽

Speaking Out ◽

German Science ◽

European Science ◽

Max Planck Society ◽

Nazi Era ◽

The Relationship

Hubert (Jim) Markl was a zoologist and animal behavioural physiologist; but, beyond that, he was arguably the most influential figure in European science policy and the key person influencing the relationship between science and society in Germany. He uniquely served as president of both the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Science Foundation) and the Max Planck Gesellschaft. In these roles he was an outstanding and bold advocate for scientific research in Germany and throughout Europe, and his astute judgement, cogency and intellectual rigour commanded the respect of all his peers. His occupancy of the two most senior positions in German science policy followed from his earlier substantial scientific contributions to the emerging discipline of behavioural ecology, as well as his books on science, society and culture. Markl was a leading spokesperson in Germany on contested issues at the interface between science and society; for example, he was an eloquent advocate of stem cell research, speaking out against the political mainstream. He also strove to expose fully, and acknowledge, the Max Planck Society's responsibility for atrocities committed by the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft scientists during the Nazi era; Markl will be remembered as the president who oversaw a historical analysis of the involvement of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (the scientific society that legally preceded the Max Planck Gesellschaft), and in 2001 he apologized in the name of the Max Planck Society for the expulsion and deaths of Jewish scientists.

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Epilogue

Brain Science under the Swastika ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198728634.003.0014 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 717-732

Author(s):

Lawrence A. Zeidman

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Neurological Society ◽

Critical Examination ◽

Max Planck ◽

Comprehensive Investigation ◽

Max Planck Society ◽

Nazi Past ◽

Nazi Era ◽

Brain Parts ◽

Neuroscience Community

In recent decades, there has been a more critical examination of the Nazi past within German and Austrian neuroscience. The Spiegelgrund euthanasia brains and brain parts in Vienna were finally buried by 2012 and victims were commemorated. More anonymous brain burials occurred in Munich and Tübingen in the early 1990s, which likely did not adequately commemorate victims and, furthermore, a recent comprehensive investigation of all brain specimens held by the Max Planck Society is underway. The Hugo Spatz Prize was renamed by the German Neurological Society, but the Heinrich Pette Prize still exists. This society and another have laudably conducted investigations leading to publications about Nazi-era neuroscience, but much work must still be done. Additionally, Hallervorden–Spatz disease has largely been renamed, but other collaborator eponyms remain in use and raise the question of what response the neuroscience community should take toward these, and toward experimental data from Nazi-era investigations.

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Renaming of Hallervorden–Spatz disease: the second man behind the name of the disease

Journal of Neural Transmission ◽

10.1007/s00702-021-02408-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luca Voges ◽

Andreas Kupsch

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Brain Research ◽

Third Reich ◽

World War ◽

Max Planck ◽

Frankfurt Am Main ◽

National Socialist ◽

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute ◽

Max Planck Society

AbstractHallervorden–Spatz disease (HSD) has been recently renamed to pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), mainly due to the unethical behavior of Julius Hallervorden in the National Socialist (NS) euthanasia program of the Nazi Third Reich. The role of the second name giver in the NS euthanasia program is less clear. Hugo Spatz was the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin-Buch during World War II (WWII), renamed to Max Planck Institute after 1945. After the war, he headed the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt am Main. The present study investigates the potential involvement of Hugo Spatz in the NS euthanasia program. In the present study, we compared a list of euthanasia victims from the German Federal Archive Berlin (30.146 cases published after the reunification of Germany, BArch R179) with the files of the collection of specimens from 1940 until 1945 of Hugo Spatz as listed in the Archive of the Max Planck Society Berlin-Dahlem (n = 305). Furthermore, the old term HSD and the new terms PKAN and NBIA were systematically searched in PubMed from 1946, through January 2019 to evaluate the renaming process from HSD to PKAN/NBIA. Following Hugo Spatz’s death in 1969 growing evidence indicated that he may have taken part in the NS euthanasia program. This study identifies 4 euthanized victims in the patient files of Hugo Spatz from 1940 to 1945, suggesting involvement of Hugo Spatz in the NS euthanasia program. This further strengthens the argument that the former HSD should be exclusively referred to as PKAN or NBIA.

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