A note on the gender wage gap among managerial positions using a counterfactual decomposition approach: sticky floor or glass ceiling?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of sticky floor and glass ceiling effects in the gender wage gap (GWG) among Spanish managers. In addition, the paper determines if the pay gap at every quantile is a result of the gender characteristic differences, or the differences in returns to those characteristics. Design/methodology/approach – The paper exploits a counterfactual decomposition analysis, using quantile regression, to decompose the GWG into one component that is based on differences in characteristics and one component that is based on differences in coefficients across the wage distribution. Findings – A significant GWG over all the wage distribution is found. Such a gap exhibits a clear U-shaped pattern, thus pointing out both significant sticky floor and glass ceiling effects. Furthermore, the paper shows that such pattern is mainly determined by the coefficient effect, whose relative incidence is almost continuously increasing along the wage distribution. Research limitations/implications – While it is difficult to give a definitive explanation for the significant U-shaped pattern in the GWG and for the bigger incidence of the glass ceiling, the authors suggest two possible explanations that are consistent with these findings. The paper leaves the identification of these explanations to future research. Practical implications – The pattern of rising coefficient effects at higher quantiles suggests that the glass ceiling is a more relevant question than the sticky floor. Indeed, at the highest wage quantiles, differences in characteristics make essentially no contribution to the overall wage gap. This suggests that upper-echelon female managers have the same characteristics as their male counterparts, which emphasizes the role of discrimination for these top-level jobs. Originality/value – Despite the general GWG has been largely investigated, the analysis of a wage differential among managerial workers has certainly drawn much less attention. In particular just a few papers have investigated the existence of sticky floors and glass ceiling among managers. In addition, as to Spain, there is no empirical survey investigating and decomposing the gender pay gap among managers.

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Investigating the gender wage gap in Vietnam by quantile regression: Sticky floor or glass ceiling

Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies ◽

10.24311/jabes/2018.25.s01.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (S01) ◽

pp. 04-23

Author(s):

Anh Trần Thị Tuấn

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Quantile Regression ◽

Glass Ceiling ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Floor Effect ◽

State Sector ◽

Sticky Floor

Inequality between men and women in the labor market is one of the issues that is of great interest in labor economics. The sticky floor effect occurs when the gender wage gap widens at the lower tail of the wage distribution. The glass ceiling effect in wage exists if the gender wage gap at the top of the wage distribution is wider than other positions. This study uses the dataset of VHLSS2014 and adopts quantile regression to investigate the existence of glass ceiling and sticky floor in the Vietnam’s labor market. The overall results obtained of the entire sample show that there is sticky floor effect but no glass ceiling in the Vietnam’s labor market. However, the results are different when it comes to each labor group. In terms of urban and rural areas, the sticky floor exists, but the glass ceiling does not in both areas. In terms of state and private sectors, while the glass ceiling exists in state sector, the stick floor is only present in the private sector.

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Analysis of Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor Effects for Gender Wage Gap in Malaysian Labour Market

10.17576/jem-2017-5001-11 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 1-11

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Glass Ceiling ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Floor Effects ◽

Sticky Floor

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Caste, Class, Gender

A Concise Handbook of the Indian Economy in the 21st Century ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199496464.003.0008 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 222-246

Author(s):

Ashwini Deshpande

Keyword(s):

Glass Ceiling ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Clear Relationship ◽

Class Inequality ◽

Wage Gaps ◽

State Variation ◽

Sticky Floor ◽

Inter State

Ashwini Deshpande argues the translation and impact of momentous post reform changes on inter-group disparities has been uneven. Caste inequality shows very strong inter-state variation and some convergence, but no clear relationship between growth and convergence. Gender wage gaps are substantial, despite the reduction in the average gender wage gap for regular wage and salaried employees over the last decade, and these are greater for the lower part of the wage distribution. A decomposition of these gaps between ‘explained’ and ‘residual’ indicates the discriminatory component is greater among the bottom four wage deciles, indicating the presence of a ‘sticky floor’, rather than a ‘glass ceiling’ for women. While poverty incidence has reduced, class inequality has increased sharply, which has fuelled a protracted armed insurgency in large parts of the country.

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Glass Ceilings in Portugal?

International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals ◽

10.4018/jhcitp.2010040101 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raquel Mendes

Keyword(s):

Wage Inequality ◽

Glass Ceiling ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Gender Segregation ◽

Ceiling Effect ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Women's Wages ◽

Gender Based ◽

Women's Role

Despite the evidence of female progress with regard to women’s role in the labor market, gender inequality remains. Women are still less likely to be employed than men, occupational gender segregation continues, and females continue to earn less than males. The gender wage gap remains wide in several occupational sectors, among which is the information technology (IT) sector. This paper focuses the determinants of gender wage inequality. More precisely, it investigates for statistical evidence of a glass ceiling effect on women’s wages. Based on the quantile regression framework, the empirical analysis extends the decomposition of the average gender wage gap to other parts of the earnings distribution. The main objective is to empirically test whether gender-based wage discrimination is greater among high paid employees, in line with glass ceiling hypothesis. Larger unexplained gaps at the top of the wage distribution indicate the existence of a glass ceiling effect in Portugal.

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