Zmiany organizacyjno-prawne przedsiębiorstwa państwowego w okresie Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej

In Poland, during the People’s Republic of Poland, the policy of central management of the economy was based on the principles of unity of state power and unity of state property. They constituted the foundation of the state sector and the state economic activity. State-owned enterprises, strongly subordinated to public administration bodies, were the leading form of economic activity. The authoritarian state controlled not only the process of enterprise creation, liquidation and supervision, but also the enterprises’ operational activities. Strong state supervision and lack of responsibility for financial results were the main reasons for their low profitability, which in turn brought about attempts to reform the legal structure of the state-owned enterprises. The aim of the article is to show the legal and organizational changes in state-owned enterprises that are to produce an increase in economic efficiency. Based on the historical-legal method and the grammatical interpretation of the law, it was shown that the reforms undertaken in the field of the organization of state-owned enterprises were not effective.

La evaluación de lo público: prácticas y comunicación en las instituciones públicas costarricenses / Evaluation of public matters: practices and communication in Costa Rican public institutions

The evaluation was not until a little more than two decades ago a relevant matter for public activity, concentrated in execution and guided by intuition, public approval or some data to record success in government work. This story has changed due to an increasingly demanding national and international context requiering transparency of public actions, efficiency in activities that each government in turn prioritizes, and of course, the effectiveness of what is proposed. The practice of evaluation in the Costa Rican state system is governed by an exhaustive normative and procedural framework. However, this platform has not necessarily ruled the execution of communication in the institutions. According to a study performed out in Costa Rican institutions between 2019-2020, first with a mapping of the communication units carried out with a survey (43) examining their operation, projects they execute and some evaluation practices they carry out; lack of rigorous evaluation practices were identified. Furthermore, these units there has no obligation to carry out operational planning of their annual activities, to apply systematic evaluations, nor are they obliged to prepare reports on the work carried out. Subsequently, an inquiry was conducted through interviews (22) with planning heads of the institutions and governing bodies to learn about the evaluation regulations, the formats and platforms used, inter-institutional link for evaluation and the scope of the mandatory nature of this function. The results suggest that the praxis of the units is dominated by the macro-institutional planning exercise that uses matrices and quantitative formats that record compliance but do not evaluate effects, changes, or impact of their activities, which reduces visibility of the public value provided by state sector, and to which is also added the work accomplish by the communication units. The true evaluation in the State is limited to a few government projects registered within the National Development Plan and not to a daily action in the entire state system. Some of the planning offices even indicate that neither planning, and even less evaluation, constitute a resource that is considered as strategic, conversely, they are seen more as an operational, compliance and organization resource, and for the different areas the filling of matrices and formats to record the execution of their tasks is an additional burden. In fact, one of the difficulties raised by these offices is the planning of their annual programs with objectives that can be evaluated, a position that is also recognized by the Contraloria General de la Republica (Comptroller General of the Republic), which indicates the absence, in a relevant percentage, of objectives in public institution programs. For the communication units, this set of practices produces inertia in the communicative action, little or no influence of the communication units in the institutional decision-making process, and an operational focus on execution, which reduces their strategic role. It is also clear that there is a predominance in the use of techniques and tools for reporting results in communication that does not correspond to evaluation, measurement is used with greater emphasis, and even in some cases the use of reportings which not apply to neither of the two processes.

From street-level to screen-level bureaucracy: Front-line public servants’ recordkeeping behaviours in ICT-enabled agencies

<p>Recordkeeping is a ubiquitous task within the public sector: public agencies rely on evidence of activities, in the form of public records, to coordinate activities, track resources, establish precedents, monitor performance as well as maintain consistency and continuity. Many public servants are responsible for recordkeeping; however, to date, little is known about the recordkeeping behaviours of these individuals, particularly about the recordkeeping behaviours of public servants who interact with members of the public on a daily basis. The purpose of this study is to explore the recordkeeping behaviours of New Zealand front-line public servants within ICT-enabled state sector agencies to understand these behaviours and their associated governance implications. This inductive study began with multiple case studies that sought to explore the recordkeeping behaviours of front-line public servants. The second data collection phase involved a series of qualitative focus group interviews that explored the wider implications of the case studies, with the specific focus on understanding the governance implications. The empirical data was reviewed, drawing on the three theoretical concepts that established the analytical lens for this study: recordkeeping informatics, personal information management strategies, and the influencing factors on front-line public servants’ decision-making behaviours. Findings from this study suggest that front-line public servants have varying degrees of discretion to perform recordkeeping behaviours. A key outcome of this research is the identification of factors that influence the recordkeeping behaviours of front-line public servants: personal characteristics, organisational characteristics and the broader community.</p>

From street-level to screen-level bureaucracy: Front-line public servants’ recordkeeping behaviours in ICT-enabled agencies

<p>Recordkeeping is a ubiquitous task within the public sector: public agencies rely on evidence of activities, in the form of public records, to coordinate activities, track resources, establish precedents, monitor performance as well as maintain consistency and continuity. Many public servants are responsible for recordkeeping; however, to date, little is known about the recordkeeping behaviours of these individuals, particularly about the recordkeeping behaviours of public servants who interact with members of the public on a daily basis. The purpose of this study is to explore the recordkeeping behaviours of New Zealand front-line public servants within ICT-enabled state sector agencies to understand these behaviours and their associated governance implications. This inductive study began with multiple case studies that sought to explore the recordkeeping behaviours of front-line public servants. The second data collection phase involved a series of qualitative focus group interviews that explored the wider implications of the case studies, with the specific focus on understanding the governance implications. The empirical data was reviewed, drawing on the three theoretical concepts that established the analytical lens for this study: recordkeeping informatics, personal information management strategies, and the influencing factors on front-line public servants’ decision-making behaviours. Findings from this study suggest that front-line public servants have varying degrees of discretion to perform recordkeeping behaviours. A key outcome of this research is the identification of factors that influence the recordkeeping behaviours of front-line public servants: personal characteristics, organisational characteristics and the broader community.</p>

No Chance of Success. State Agrarian Real Estate 1946–1949. A Contribution to the Research on the History of the State Agricultural Sector in Poland

The years of activity of the PNZ (Państwowe Nieruchomości Ziemskie – State Agrarian Real Estate) fell into the period of post-war agricultural reconstruction and management of Recovered Territories. Initially, their main task was to prepare for the parceling out of large landed estates, which was important for the settlement campaign. The target task was to run specialized farms that would supply the entire agriculture with seed and breeding material. After the escape of S. Mikołajczyk, the communists changed the priorities of PNZ activity, which from then on were to deal with large-scale production, and above all, manage about 1,200 hectares of agricultural land. The vast majority of the area used by PNZ was located in the western and northern regions of the country. The best conditions existed in those areas for establishing a state sector in agriculture. In spite of many achievements, PNZ was liquidated because the communists wanted to get rid of the prewar staff of specialists, mostly landowners, from the enterprise. This decision was political in nature. State farms were then created to replace PNZ.

Capture, Create, Manage: The experiences of New Zealand government departments in meeting the requirements of the Electronic Recordkeeping Metadata standard

<p>Research problem: One of the key challenges for electronic recordkeeping is the creation, capture and ongoing management of metadata. The Electronic Recordkeeping Metadata Standard establishes minimum requirements for the New Zealand public sector in accordance with the Public Records Act 2005. This research examines how the recordkeeping systems used by government departments meet the requirements of the metadata standard and what factors influence compliance. Research methodology: This qualitative research surveyed all twenty-nine public sector agencies classified as government departments in the State Sector Act 1988. This was followed up with interviews with seven participants from six departments. Results: This paper found that departments are harnessing the capability of their systems to create, maintain and manage metadata with the resources available. Interviewees showed they look for opportunities to influence the design of new systems and to enhance functionality. Technological factors greatly impact on the extent to which a department can meet the requirements of the standard. A focus on business processes and user needs has resulted in purposeful departures from the standard and a move beyond recordkeeping metadata. Implications: The development of innovative tools and practices by departments has the potential to meet the business/user needs of the organisation and comply with the requirements of the standard. Suggestions have been made as to how the standard could better serve departments dealing with these multiple priorities and technological factors.</p>

Capture, Create, Manage: The experiences of New Zealand government departments in meeting the requirements of the Electronic Recordkeeping Metadata standard

<p>Research problem: One of the key challenges for electronic recordkeeping is the creation, capture and ongoing management of metadata. The Electronic Recordkeeping Metadata Standard establishes minimum requirements for the New Zealand public sector in accordance with the Public Records Act 2005. This research examines how the recordkeeping systems used by government departments meet the requirements of the metadata standard and what factors influence compliance. Research methodology: This qualitative research surveyed all twenty-nine public sector agencies classified as government departments in the State Sector Act 1988. This was followed up with interviews with seven participants from six departments. Results: This paper found that departments are harnessing the capability of their systems to create, maintain and manage metadata with the resources available. Interviewees showed they look for opportunities to influence the design of new systems and to enhance functionality. Technological factors greatly impact on the extent to which a department can meet the requirements of the standard. A focus on business processes and user needs has resulted in purposeful departures from the standard and a move beyond recordkeeping metadata. Implications: The development of innovative tools and practices by departments has the potential to meet the business/user needs of the organisation and comply with the requirements of the standard. Suggestions have been made as to how the standard could better serve departments dealing with these multiple priorities and technological factors.</p>

Government Communication in New Zealand : Changing Roles and Conventions

<p>A brief study of democratic theory as it relates to public participation and government communications within a New Zealand context. A literature review identifies the traditional communications conventions pre-state sector reform and a survey of state sector communications managers reveals the conflict between this traditional approach as it is articulated, and actual practice in the post-state sector reform environment. A new convention is presented based on three divisions within the core public service: primarily policy; primarily operational; and mixed objective. Communications conventions for state-owned enterprises, Crown entities and Crown research institutes are also identified.</p>

Government Communication in New Zealand : Changing Roles and Conventions

<p>A brief study of democratic theory as it relates to public participation and government communications within a New Zealand context. A literature review identifies the traditional communications conventions pre-state sector reform and a survey of state sector communications managers reveals the conflict between this traditional approach as it is articulated, and actual practice in the post-state sector reform environment. A new convention is presented based on three divisions within the core public service: primarily policy; primarily operational; and mixed objective. Communications conventions for state-owned enterprises, Crown entities and Crown research institutes are also identified.</p>

Complementarity: Towards Robust Human Rights Governance in the New Zealand State Sector

<p>Successive governments have committed New Zealand to implementing international human rights standards domestically. In terms of practical governance, what does this mean and how might effectiveness be measured? A face-value answer can be found in domestic laws and institutions relating to human rights. However, this thesis argues that the effective implementation of ratified international human rights goes well beyond what this thesis terms the law+litigation approach (crucial though that is). By tracing developments historically, analysing the policy and governance issues, and using case studies this research shows that effective implementation is characterised by a new concept: 'complementarity'. This concept is about an increasing coherence between a number of factors affecting the state sector which impact on the fostering and delivery of human rights. These include international and domestic dimensions, law and public policy, public fairness, administrative pragmatism, and proactive and reactive approaches to implementation. Greater complementarity is shown to produce another term suggested in the thesis: robust human rights governance. The opposite - fragile human rights governance - is also explored. As well as the complementarity model, this research also suggests there are six phases in New Zealand's human rights history. It is argued that the sixth most robust stage has been reached, but that there are elements of previous stages that are weak, developing or non-existent. Leading on from this 20 criteria to assess what effectiveness 'looks like' in relation to robust human rights governance are also developed. Although this is primarily a New Zealand study, the widespread adoption of human rights standards by many states inevitably means that the issues are relevant to other countries, even though there are always varying degrees of similarity-difference in constitutional background and developed or emerging human rights systems. This thesis shows the pathways, the mechanisms, the evolving frameworks and the approaches that would help to differentiate robust from fragile human rights governance. The tools in this research should therefore enable a more nuanced assessment of effectiveness in terms of robust human rights governance.</p>