The wheel-turning king and the lucky lottery: perspectives new and old on wealth and merriment within Buddhism

Attempts to establish high levels of wheel-turning avoidance in rats using the traditional avoidance paradigm have met with indifferent success. In this study, 3 new paradigms, each involving gradual transitions from escape to avoidance, were evaluated under both free-responding and discrete-trial conditions. All 3 programs tended to produce more frequent avoidances than the conventional one and the discrete-trial method proved superior to the free-response arrangement.

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Isometric Strength Capability for a Vertical Wheel Turning Task

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129203601005 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 664-668 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jeffrey C. Woldstad ◽

Christopher J. Rockwell ◽

Christian A. Johnson ◽

Mark McMulkin ◽

Paul B. McMahan

Keyword(s):

Grip Strength ◽

Isometric Strength ◽

Whole Body ◽

Female College Students ◽

Wheel Turning ◽

Body Strength ◽

Steady State Levels ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Maximum Exertion ◽

Peak Value

This paper reports on the measured isometric strength capability of 125 male and 125 female college students performing a one-handed wheel turning task. Three measures of isometric strength were used: (1) a three-second average of steady state levels taken from a six-second exertion, (2) the largest value (peak) from the same six-second exertion, and (3) a maximum exertion level taken from a separate “ramp-to-peak” exertion. Standardized whole-body strength measurements for the legs, arms, and torso as well as grip strength were also taken for each subject. The results presented in this paper demonstrate average isometric wheel turning strengths (torques) ranging from 109 to 152 N-m for males and 66 to 91 N-m for females, depending upon the strength measure used. The three strength measures were highly correlated, but produced significantly different estimates of strength. The three-second average produced the lowest estimate while the ramp-peak value produced the highest. Wheel turning strengths were also highly correlated with the standardized whole-body strength measures and with grip strength. Multiple regression models developed to predict wheel turning strength using these values accounted for 69 to 71 percent of the variation in the measures. The model results also suggest that grip strength plays an important role in determining wheel turning strength capability.

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Steering Analysis of Multi-Axle Vehicle Based on ADAMS/VIEW

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2878 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 538-541 ◽

pp. 2878-2881

Author(s):

Yong Qiang Zhu ◽

Ping Xia Zhang

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Large Angle ◽

Lateral Acceleration ◽

Steering Wheel ◽

Low Speed ◽

Vehicle Simulation ◽

Yaw Rate ◽

Wheel Turning ◽

Double Phase ◽

All Wheel Steering

In order to improve low-speed flexibility and high-speed handling and stability of multi-axle vehicle, a double-phase steering system was designed with planetary gear system. An in-phase steering mode is used when steering wheel turning in small angle. A adverse-phase steering mode is used when steering wheel turning in large angle. A five-axle vehicle simulation model was established with software ADAMS/VIEW. The research of all-wheel steering and non-all-wheel steering for high speed and low speed was respectively processed. When running in high speed, the lateral acceleration and yaw rate of the centroid are significantly lower when rear wheels steering in in-phase mode than the rear wheels not turning, which makes the possibility of roll and drift decrease, when vehicle overtaking in high-speed. When running in low speed, compared with rear wheels not steering, when rear wheels sreering, lateral acceleration increased by only 12.8%, yaw rate is 17.3% higher, diameter of the centroid trajectory is reduced by 12.9%, which greatly increases the mobility and flexibility of the multi-axle vehicle when turning at low speed.

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