Aerobic Exercise Combination Intervention to Improve Physical Performance Among the Elderly: A Systematic Review

The benefits of aerobic exercise for the elderly are well-known. They extend beyond cardiovascular changes and can reduce the inactivity-induced loss of strength, mobility, balance, and endurance that are vital for the safe performance of daily activities in older adults. However, the benefits of combined aerobic exercise with other exercises such as strength/resistance, multi-component and aerobic exercise remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of combined aerobic exercise on physical performance among the elderly, as opposed to single aerobic exercise. We searched four databases of SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and CINAHL Plus to find 18 articles that met criteria. Data was extracted using PICOs extraction tool and summarized using a narrative synthesis approach. Studies have shown that aerobics combined resistance/strength training (CEX), multi-component training (ME), and dance combined training has positive and significant effects on the physical performance (upper body strength and lower body strength, dynamic balance, fall risk, mobility, gait, agility, flexibility) of the elderly. CEX had additional benefits compared to aerobic training (AER) and resistance/strength training (RES) in gait speed, lower limb strength, and trunk fat. Furthermore, CEX was more effective than AER in improving sitting and stretching, elbow flexion, knee flexion, shoulder flexion and stretching, strength and body fat, function reach test, 30-s chair standing test and 6-min walking test, self-evaluation of body function. Therefore, the combination of multiple components contributes to the overall improvement in physical fitness of the elderly, thus preventing them from losing balance and reducing susceptibility to injury.Clinical Trial Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails], identifier [CRD42021213147].

Inferring Humor Styles Through Men’s Formidability

Men’s formidability is inferred multimodally through various facial and bodily features. Such inferences frequently provide downstream perceptions of various traits and motivational states that inform subsequent affiliative decisions. Within these inferences could be an implicit understanding of men’s preferred humor styles. Across four studies, this research considered perceptions of men’s proclivity to employ each of the four humor styles through different formidability cues: upper body strength (Study 1), body muscularity (Study 2), facial width-to-height ratio (Study 3), and neck musculature (Study 4). Results indicated a relatively consistent perception of formidable features being diagnostic of men’s interest in aggressive humor. Additional findings indicate certain formidability cues connote a disinterest in self-defeating and self-enhancing humor. Facial and bodily cues finally connoted affiliative humor in different capacities. We frame findings from an evolutionary perspective based on perceptions of the various benefits and costs of different formidability features.

Pengaruh Circuit Training Terhadap Kekuatan Fisik Pada Atlet Sekolah Sepakbola (SSB) Persisac Semarang

Circuit Training is a form of training in which there are various movements that are carried out together and continuously and are limited by rest at each exchange of training forms with circuit training there will be many positive shifts in basic skills and also simultaneously restore physical fitness, muscle ability, endurance, dexterity and flexibility of the body. Strength needs to be given special attention from the coach so that the achievements of the SSB (Football School) Persisac Semarang do not decline. The research used in this study is "One-Groups Pretest-Posttest Design". The sample in this study was football athletes SSB Persisac Semarang. The sampling technique was purposive sampling of 15 players. Retrieval of data using instruments that have been used, with the pre-test and post test. Based on the results of the t test, the t value (31.281)> t table (1.761) was obtained, and the p value <0.05. This result means that Ho is accepted, so the hypothesis states that there is an effect of Circuit Training training on increasing the physical strength of football school students at SSB Persisac Semarang.

Ejercicios físicos diarios de intensidad moderada en el interior del aula mejora la fuerza de tren inferior y la agilidad en escolares: un estudio cuasi experimental (Daily moderate-intensity physical exercises inside the classroom improves lower body str

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los cambios en la condición física y en el índice de masa corporal que se producen en una intervención de 16 semanas en escolares en . Setenta tres escolares (n=34 niñas; n=39 niños) con edad entre los 8 y 9 años recibieron las siguientes evaluaciones: flexibilidad de la musculatura dorsal de espalda (mediante la prueba de weels), fuerza muscular (mediante la prueba pararse y sentarse), agilidad (mediante la prueba 4x10m shuttle run) y índice de masa corporal (IMC) utilizando un estadiómetro y una balanza. Se aplicó un programa de entrenamiento con ejercicios de flexibilidad, fuerza y resistencia (30 minutos, 5x/semana). Hubo una disminución del IMC (diferencia de 0.60kg/cm2 en ambos géneros), aumento de la fuerza (10.4 repeticiones en niñas y 11.6 en niños) y mejora de la agilidad (0.91 segundos en niñas y 0.71 segundos en niños: p<0.05 en todas las comparaciones y tamaño de efecto entre 0.20-1.77 en niñas y 0.18-2.34 en niños). El índice de obesidad y sobrepeso entre el alumnado de la clase se vio reducido en un 5.3% y 5.9%, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias respecto a la flexibilidad (p>0.05). Un entrenamiento diario en el interior del aula sin implementación y en un espacio de un metro cuadrado , mejora la fuerza de tren inferior y la agilidad en escolares. Abstract. The objective of the study was to determine the changes in physical condition and body mass index that occur in a 16-week intervention in schoolchildren inside the classroom. Seventy-three schoolchildren (n=34 girls; n=39 boys) between the ages of 8 and 9 received the following evaluations: flexibility of the dorsal back muscles, through the weels test, muscular strength, through the standing and sitting test, agility, through the 4x10m shuttle test run and body mass index (BMI) using a stadiometer and scale. A training program was applied with flexibility, strength and resistance exercises were performed (30 minutes, 5x/ week). There was a decrease in BMI, (difference of 0.60kg/cm2 in both genders), increase in strength (10.4 repetitions in girls and 11.6 in boys) and improvement of the agility (0.91 seconds in girls and 0.71 seconds in boys), p<0.05 in all comparisons and effect size between 0.20-1.77 in girls and 0.18-2.34 in boys. The rate of obesity and overweight among the students in the class was reduced by one 5.3% and 5.9% respectively. There were no differences in flexibility (p>0.05). A daily training in schoolchildren without implementation and in a space of one square meter decreases BMI, improves lower body strength and agility in schoolchildren.

Meta-Analysis of Elderly Lower Body Strength: Different Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on the Knee Joint-Related Muscle Groups

Importance. Tai Chi exercise mostly involves muscle fitness with biological, biomechanical, and psychosomatic medicine in elderly rehabilitation. Increased incidents related to elderly muscle fitness deficiency tend to be an urgent public health issue. However, there is a controversy on the effects of Tai Chi exercise on muscle fitness, especially the lower body strength of the elderly. Objective. To determine whether lower body strength such as keen extension and flexion strength may be improved by Tai Chi exercise in older adults from the perspective of evidence-based medicine. Methods. Databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched up to July 1, 2021. Randomized clinical trials are adopted to compare Tai Chi exercise with sedentary behavior or other low intensity exercise in terms of influence on lower body strength rehabilitation, especially keen extension and flexion strength in people aged over 60. A meta-analysis was performed to discuss outcomes of lower body strength, knee muscle strength, and knee extension/flexion strength. Results. A total of 25 randomized trials involving 1995 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. (1) Tai Chi exercise significantly improved elderly lower body strength (−0.54, [−0.81, −0.28], p < 0.00001 , I2 = 74%), but there was no differential improvement in the strength of the knee joints (0.10, [−0.02, 0.23], p = 0.11 , I2 = 34%). (2) Elderly individual lower body strength declined with age, while this trend was suppressed by Tai Chi exercise (−0.35, [0.14, 0.56], p = 0.001 , I2 = 70%). (3) Although Tai Chi exercise did no significantly improve the large muscle group of knee joint extensor like quadriceps femoris (3.15, [−0.69, 6.99], p = 0.24 , I2 = 26%), it showed marked enhancement to the strength of deep small muscle group of knee joint flexor (10.25, [6.90, 13.61], p < 0.00001 , I2 = 0%). The heterogeneity might be caused by distinguished measurements of muscle strength. Therefore, Tai Chi exercise specifically enhanced some certain muscle strength of knee joints and improved muscle fitness rehabilitation as well as function activity for elderly. Conclusions. In this RCT meta-analysis, Tai Chi exercise has positive effects on lower body strength of elderly. Although no obvious improvement on the knee extensor is observed, it may be used as a rehabilitation treatment for training stable deep muscle groups to improve the knee flexion strength significantly.

Effects of an Eccentric Training Protocol Using Gliding Discs on Balance and Lower Body Strength in Healthy Adults

Impaired balance and lower body weakness are the main causes of falls, which are considered to be the major cause of fractures and head injuries in the elderly and are recognised as a serious health problem. The aim of this study is to observe the effect of eccentric training, introducing new technologies (gliding discs), on body composition, lower body strength, balance and quality of life. A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 56 healthy participants who were divided into an experimental group (n = 31) who underwent the protocol consisting of 12 training sessions and a control group (n = 25) who did not undergo the training. Before and after the intervention, all participants underwent a measurement of body composition, the SJ jump, balance with accelerometry and quality of life with the Short Form 12 Health Survey. In the experimental group, statistically significant improvements were found in the variables balance and lower body strength. The application of this training protocol improves lower body strength and the ability to control balance in the adult population.

Strata Movement of the Thick Loose Layer under Strip-Filling Mining Method: A Case Study

Filling mining plays an important role in controlling surface subsidence. To study the movement of overburdened rock in filling mining under thick loose layers, a numerical simulation combing field measurement in CT30101 working face in the Mahuangliang coal mine was tested. The results show that different filling rates and filling body strength have different influences on roof and surface movement. The filling rate has a greater impact, which is the main control factor. The filling stress and roof tensile stress decrease gradually with roadway filling. The filling body stress and roof tensile stress in the first and second rounds are far greater than in the fourth round. After the completion of filling, the first and second round of filling bodies mainly bear the overburden, and the total deformation of the surrounding rock of the main transport roadway is very small, and therefore the displacement of the overburdened rock is controllable. The field monitoring results also show that the overburdened rock became stable after several fillings rounds. Combing the numerical modeling and field tests results, this study can be a guideline for similar geological conditions especially for coal mining under thick loose layers and thin bedrock.

Can a Whole-Body Vibration Program Potentialize the Benefits of a Psychomotor Intervention Program in Community-Dwelling Older Adults At Risk of Falling? A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background To evaluate the effects of two interactive cognitive-motor programs in processing speed, lower-body strength, and body composition in community dwellings at risk of falling. Methods Forty-eight community dwellings (75.0 ± 5.4 years) completed this randomized controlled trial, were allocated into three groups: 1) experimental group 1 (EG1: psychomotor intervention program); 2) experimental group 2 (EG2: combined program [psychomotor intervention program + whole-body vibration]); and 3) control group (kept their daily life routines). Participants were assessed at baseline, at post-24-week intervention, and after a 12-week no-intervention follow-up. Results Significant improvements were induced by EGs programs in processing speed, lower-body strength, and bone mass (p < 0.05). The treatment effect was similar in both EGs in processing speed and lower-body strength, and higher in bone mineral content and density within EG2. The number of falls decreased by 44.2% in EG1 and 63% in EG2 (p < 0.05). After the follow-up, improvements in processing speed were maintained, particularly in EG2, but were reversed in lower-body strength in both EGs, as were in bone mineral content and density, particularly within EG2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions Both interactive cognitive-motor programs were accepted and well tolerated by the participants, inducing similar improvements in cognitive and physical functions and decreased the fall rate. Additionally, the combined program led to additional benefits in bone mass. This evidenced that both programs were effective for fall and injury prevention. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03446352, registered on 26/02/2018.

Development of Fly Ash Composite Binder and Optimization of Slurry Ratio

In view of the high cost of cement filling, the new cementitious materials are developed by using solid waste resources. Firstly, on the basis of material physicochemical analysis, the fly ash composite cementation ratio test and optimization test are carried out to determine the optimal ratio. Then, the filling body strength and pipeline transportation characteristics test are carried out to analyze they influence law. Finally, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the slurry ratio. The results show that the strength of cemented backfill increases linearly with the increase of slurry concentration; The slump and bleeding rate of slurry decrease with the increase of slurry mass fraction, and increase with the decrease of binder sand ratio, the optimal proportion of fly ash (FA) based composite binder is w(FA): w(clinker): w (desulfurized gypsum (DG)): w (slag powder (SP)) =40:12:12:36; The optimum slurry ratio is 1:4 of binder/sand and 72% of concentration.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Exercise: Can They Help Older Adults Manage Chronic Pain?

Chronic pain is common among older adults and affects their physical and psychological well-being. While exercise can reduce pain and promote physical functions, psychological interventions may enhance pain management by addressing the psychosocial contributors to the prolonged pain. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a psychological intervention that emphasizes on psychological flexibility, values, and mindfulness. This approach may be particularly helpful in dealing with chronic pain, where symptoms can be beyond one’s control. This single group pre-post study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of an intervention combining ACT and exercise for chronic pain management in older adults. The intervention consisted of 16 sessions delivered over eight weeks. ACT and exercises were modified according to the individual’s capability when needed. Clinical outcomes regarding pain severity and interference, pain acceptance, value of life, depression, anxiety, and physical functioning were assessed. Twenty-four older adults attended all sessions and completed the assessments. Preliminary results showed that, while participants experienced similar level of pain after the intervention, they reported less pain interference on mood and enjoyment of life, and improved chronic pain acceptance, pain self-efficacy, success at living their values, committed action, depressive symptoms, physical functioning in the lower body strength, aerobic and endurance, agility and dynamic balance, and upper body strength (all p&lt;.050). This study lends support to the feasibility of a combined ACT and exercise intervention for chronic pain management in older adults. The efficacy of ACT may not be directly on reducing pain, but on increased psychological flexibility to co-live with pain.