Prefacio a la edición en español de VB-MAPP

En el contexto actual de diversificación del campo científico y profesional del análisis aplicado de conducta (ABA, por sus siglas en inglés) resulta casi inevitable para el estudiante y el profesional en ciernes (y no digamos para el familiar o usuario de servicios) la confusión causada por la diversidad de enfoques de los proveedores de servicios conductuales. En el ámbito de la intervención en personas con diagnóstico de autismo y otras necesidades educativas especiales ello es especialmente evidente. Algunos profesionales se adscriben al modelo UCLA en la tradición de O. I. Lovaas, otros siguen el enfoque basado en la conducta verbal (VB Approach), hay partidarios del modelo CABAS® de la Universidad de Columbia, o del currículum de Princeton Child Development Institute, hallamos también profesionales que enfatizan la enseñanza naturalizada (natural environmental teaching, NET), mientras otros se acogen a un uso más tradicional de la enseñanza con ensayos discretos (discrete trial training, DTT), aun otros abogan por una primacía de la enseñanza de la conducta vocal, en detrimento de quienes persiguen la adquisición de operantes verbales con un menor énfasis en la topografía vocal... Estos pocos ejemplos nos dan una idea de la creciente diversidad de enfoques en un ámbito de por si minoritario como es el análisis aplicado de conducta. La investigación empírica conductual, quizá excesivamente molecular hasta ahora, no ha podido aún mediar de forma efectiva en este pandemónium...

Ten Instructional Design Efforts to Help Behavior Analysts Take Up the Torch of Direct Instruction

Although behavior analysts are trained in discrete trial instruction, other instructional approaches like Direct Instruction are underutilized in behavior analytic practice. Direct Instruction is a specialized technology that capitalizes on sophisticated instructional design and highly effective delivery strategies. What makes Direct Instruction so powerful is that it emphasizes the development of generative repertoires and establishes them efficiently. The purpose of this article is to introduce 10 critical instructional design efforts that behavior analysts can use in their practice, regardless of the population they serve and repertoires they build. The 10 instructional design efforts are summarized in a Direct Instruction Planning Guide. Behavior analysts can follow this sequence of design efforts and refer to the guiding questions as they develop efficient instruction for their learners. In doing so, behavior analysts can take up the torch of Direct Instruction, extend this remarkable instructional approach into their research and practice, and strengthen the behavioral technology available to behavior analytic practitioners.

Implementation of a Token Economy in the Process of Skills Development in Distance Learning Classes with a Child with ASD

The research conducted with a five-year-old child diagnosed with childhood autism evaluates the effectiveness of using of a token economy reinforcer system and discrete trial teaching method for establishing matching and discrimination skills (animal discrimination and matching identical stimuli), as well as answering yes/no questions about preferred items. Due to the pandemic, the child did not have the opportunity to attend rehabilitation centers, so the parents agreed to work in a distance format. For this study, the child’s mother was involved as a tutor, who was previously trained to provide prompts and rewards on time. Data collection was carried out online by a specialist. At the end of the training session, the percentage of correct reactions from the total number of samples was calculated. The results of the study demonstrated that the child has mastered these skills, and also partially generalized them in new environmental conditions. The study also showed that cooperation with parents who take part in the process as tutors in a distance learning format is very beneficial and successfully affects the acquisition of new skills, their generalization, as well as the quality of life of the child.

METODE PEMBELAJARAN DISCRETE TRIAL TRAINING (DTT) UNTUK MELATIH KEMAMPUAN BERWUDHU BAGI ANAK AUTIS

ABSTRACTEducation is the right of every citizen regardless of any physical abnormality to form people who are faithful and devoted to God Almighty, have a noble character, are healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and become democratic and responsible citizens. Thus, children with special needs have the right to get an education, including religious education as a solution in order to achieve these goals. Therefore, this study aims to train the ability of ablution for children with autism so that they can worship like children in general. This study uses the literature study method, namely by making observations on relevant library books and scientific articles and then concluding. The results of this study indicate that the Discrete Trial Training learning method has a positive impact on practicing ablution for children with autism, marked by a good response. In this method, there is a repetition of the behavior. Appropriate behavior is rewarded, while inappropriate behavior does not receive a reward, thus stimulating to show the expected behavior.Keywords: Discrete Trial Training, Wudu, Autism ABSTRAKPendidikan merupakan hak setiap warga negara tanpa memandang kelainan fisik apapun dengan tujuan membentuk manusia yang beriman dan bertakwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berakhlak mulia, sehat, berilmu, cakap, kreatif, mandiri, dan menjadi warga negara yang demokratis serta bertanggung jawab. Dengan demikian, anak berkebutuhan khusus memiliki hak untuk mendapat pendidikan, termasuk pendidikan agama sebagai solusi dalam rangka mencapai tujuan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melatih kemampuan berwudhu bagi anak autis agar dapat beribadah seperti anak pada umumnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka, yaitu dengan melakukan observasi pada buku-buku perpustakaan dan artikel ilmiah yang relevan kemudian disimpulkan. Adapun hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode pembelajaran Discrete Trial Training memberi dampak positif dalam melatih kemampuan berwudhu bagi anak autis ditandai dengan adanya respon yang baik. Dalam metode ini terdapat pengulangan tingkah laku. Tingkah laku yang sesuai mendapat hadiah sedangkan tingkah laku yang tidak sesuai tidak mendapat hadiah sehingga merangsang untuk menunjukkan tingkah laku yang diharapkan.Kata Kunci: Discrete Trial Training, Berwudhu, Autis